Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
BMC Medicine 201614:207, DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3 Received: 28 Jan 2016A, Published: 5 Dec2016
Dagfinn Aune, NaNa Keum, Edward Giovannucci, Lars T. Fadnes, Paolo Boffetta, Darren C. Greenwood, Serena Tonstad, Lars J. Vatten, Elio Riboli and Teresa Norat
Background
Although nut consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, data on less common causes of death has not been systematically assessed. Previous reviews missed several studies and additional studies have since been published. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Methods
PubMed and Embase were searched for prospective studies of nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in adult populations published up to July 19, 2016. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. The burden of mortality attributable to low nut consumption was calculated for selected regions.
Results
Twenty studies (29 publications) were included in the meta-analysis.
The summary RRs per 28 grams/day increase in nut intake was for
| Problem | Risk Reduction | Statistics | # of studies |
| coronary heart disease | 0.71 | 95% CI: 0.63–0.80, I2 = 47% | n = 11 |
| stroke | 0.93 | 95% CI: 0.83–1.05, I2 = 14% | n = 11 |
| cardiovascular disease | 0.79 | 95% CI: 0.70–0.88, I2 = 60% | n = 12 |
| total cancer | 0.85 | 95% CI: 0.76–0.94, I2 = 42% | n = 8 |
| all-cause mortality | 0.78 | 95% CI: 0.72–0.84, I2 = 66% | n = 15 |
| mortality from respiratory disease | 0.48 | 95% CI: 0.26–0.89, I2 = 61% | n = 3 |
| mortality from diabetes | 0.61 | 95% CI: 0.43–0.88, I2 = 0% | n = 4 |
| mortality from neurodegenerative disease | 0.65 | 95% CI: 0.40–1.08, I2 = 5.9% | n = 3 |
| mortality from infectious disease | 0.25 | 95% CI: 0.07–0.85, I2 = 54% | n = 2 |
| mortality from kidney disease | 0.27 | 95% CI: 0.04–1.91, I2 = 61% | n = 2 |
The results were similar for tree nuts and peanuts.
If the associations are causal, an estimated 4.4 million premature deaths in the America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific would be attributable to a nut intake below 20 grams per day in 2013.
Conclusion
Higher nut intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality, and mortality from respiratory disease, diabetes, and infections.
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Nuts have varying amounts of Magnesium, Omega-3, Boron, Selenium, and Antioxidents
Sorry that I have not completed this webpage - too busy with other topics
Respiratory
Items in both categories Respiratory and Magnesium are listed here:
- Asthma is also fought by Magnesium - several studies
- COPD is strongly associated with magnesium deficiency – Oct 2024
- Asthma severe when both Vitamin D AND Magnesium are low – Oct 2016
- MAGNESIUM IN MAN - IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE – review 2015
- Magnesium is associated with better quality of life in COPD, not Vitamin D – March 2015
- Why deficiencies in vitamin D and magnesium are linked to asthma
Items in both categories Respiratory and Omega-3 are listed here:
Diabetes
Items in both VitaminDWiki categories Diabetes and Magnesium are listed here:
- Vitamin D Roles - more than just help the immune system
- Retinopathy in males 6.9 X more likely if low vitamin D and low Magnesium - June 2024
- Magnesium Depletion Score predicts increased risk of various health problems
- High fluoride in water: 5X more likely to be Vitamin D deficient – Jan 2023
- Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Magnesium - many studies
- More Magnesium needed to decrease diabetes, cardio, HT (body weight has increased) - March 2021
- Treating pre-diabetes with Magnesium Chloride should be cost effective – June 2022
- Reduced Magnesium is associated with reduced health (Diabetes in this case) - April 2022
- Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes - Jan 2021
- The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders – April 2022
- Magnesium fights diabetes (yet again)– meta-analysis Nov 2021
- Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020
- Low Magnesium associated with diabetes, etc. – meta-analysis 2016
- Low Level Laser Therapy greatly increased Vitamin D and Magnesium (for diabetics with nephropathy) – March 2019
- Young Diabetics had 3.8 X higher risk of Parkinson’s (perhaps low Mg or low Vitamin D)– June 2018
- Cardiometaboic problems decreased with increased Vitamin D, unless low Magnesium – Aug 2017
- Diabetes 29 % less likely if consume lots of Magnesium and cereal fiber (surveys of 200,000 people) – Oct 2017
- Magnesium is associated with prevention and treatment of Diabetes – Meta-analysis Aug 2016
- Type 2 diabetes associated with low Magnesium
- MAGNESIUM IN MAN - IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE – review 2015
- More vitamin D makes for better health – dissertation based on Rotterdam studies – Oct 2015
- Prediabetes reduced in half by those getting Magnesium Chloride – RCT April 2015
- Type II Diabetes might be prevented and treated with Magnesium – Review Feb 2015
- Diabetes decreased with 300 mg of Mg (Mg Sulfate) – RCT July 2014
- Daily Magnesium improved all aspects of metabolic profile – RCT July 2014
- Diabetes and low Magnesium - Mercola 2014 - 2019
- Diabetics have problems with low Magnesium, especially if taking statins – Aug 2013
- Low Magnesium and type II diabetes – June 2012
- Hypothesis: Decreasing Magnesium and increasing CaMg ratio are increasing health problems – 2012 - 2013
- Reduced chance of diabetes 46 percent with Magnesium - Oct 2010
Items in both VitaminDWiki categories Diabetes and Omega-3 are listed here:
- Risk of diabetes greatly reduced by sardines (suspect Omega-3) – May 2021
- T1 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D and Omega-3 - Jan 2018
- Type 1 diabetes trial having problems getting participants – too many taking Vitamin D or Omega-3 – Aug 2019
- T1 Diabetes reduction by high Omega-3 and Vitamin D – GRH ongoing observation
- Type 1 Diabetes prevention with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – Symposium April 2019
- Insulin problems reduced by Curcumin if not also take Omega-3 – RCT Jan 2019
- Vitamin D and Omega-3 may treat Type 1 Diabetes – RCT 2024
- Omega-3 might manage T2 Diabetes – March 2018
- Omega-3 helps muscles and reduces inflammation, lipids, and insulin – Nov 2015
- Gestational diabetes treated by Vitamin D plus Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2017
- Type 2 Diabetes helped by Omega-3 and Vitamin D – Feb 2014
Cognitive Disease (Alzheimer's Parkinson's, etc)
Items in both VitaminDWiki categories Cognitive and Magnesium are listed here:
- Magnesium can reduce neuroinflammation and cognitive decline – Sept 2024
- 800 mg of Magnesium early in 3rd trimester significantly increased brain activity in preterm infants – RCT May 2024
- Alzheimer’s patients have less Magnesium – meta-analysis Jan 2022
- Less cognitive decline in women consuming more Magnesium (and vitamins) – Nov 2019
- IQ 4 points lower in male children if fluoridated water while pregnant (perhaps Magnesium) – Aug 2019
- Senior cognition poor if low vitamin D and low Magnesium intake – June 2019
- Magnesium may be an important way to treat brain trauma
- Dementia less likely with increased levels of Magnesium etc.
Items in both VitaminDWiki categories Cognitive and Omega-3 are listed here:
- Risk of Alzheimer’s is decreased by food, supplements, and lifestyle – Aug 2024
- APOE-04 Alzheimer’s progression slowed up by Omega-3 – RCT Aug 2024
- Dementia prevented by Omega-3, Vitamin D, etc. book and video May 2024
- Better cognition associated with higher Omega-3 index – Sept 2023
- Alzheimer’s delayed 4.7 years by high Omega-3 index (7.6 years if also have APOE-4) June - 2022
- Dementia 4.1 X high risk in those with low Vitamin D, Omega-3, etc.2 decades before (behind paywall) – Nov 2021
- Early brain development helped by Iron, Iodine, Vitamin D, Omega-3. Zinc etc. – Oct 2021
- Omega-3 paused Alzheimer's decline - RCT Sept 2021
- Seafood (Omega-3) during pregnancy increased childhood IQ by 8 points – review Dec 2019
- Omega-3 index of 6 to 7 associated with best cognition in this study – Nov 2019
- Eating fish improves cognition (Omega-3 fish during pregnancy in this case) - Oct 2019
- Mental disorders fought by Omega-3 etc. - meta-meta-analysis Oct 2019
- Omega-3 prevents Parkinson’s Disease – Review of RCT July 2019
- Omega-3 helps brains of seniors – May 2019
- Omega-3 helped Alzheimer’s only if good level of B vitamins – RCT April 2019
- Standard Omega-3 not get past blood-brain barrier in seniors at high risk of Alzheimer’s – Patrick hypothesis Oct 2018
- APOE4 gene problems (Alzheimer’s) reduced by both Vitamin D and Omega-3 - Dec 2018
- Omega-3 is important for Brain Health during all phases of life – Aug 2018
- Hypothesis: Omega-3 reduces Alzheimer’s directly and via the gut – Sept 2018
- Improve Cognitive Health and Memory with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – World Patent March 2018
- IQ levels around the world are falling (perhaps lower Vitamin D, Iodine, or Omega-3)
- Adding Vitamin D, Omega-3, etc to children’s milk improved memory (yet again) – RCT June 2018
- Omega-3, Vitamin D, Folic acid etc. during pregnancy and subsequent mental illness of child – March 2018
- Why Alzheimer’s studies using Omega-3 have mixed results – quality, dose size, Omega-6, genes, etc. March 2018
- Benefits of Omega-3 beyond heart health - LEF Feb 2018
- Supplementation while pregnant and psychotic – 20 percent Omega-3, 6 percent Vitamin D – June 2016
- ADHD, Autism, Early Psychosis and Omega-3 – review Dec 2017
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury prevented with Omega-3, Resveratrol, etc (in rats) – Oct 2017
- Omega-3 found to treat Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s in animals – Sept 2017
- The End of Alzheimer's and Dementia if adjust Vitamin D, B-12, Iron, Omega-3, etc.
- Violent schizophrenia patients treated by 3 months of Omega-3 – RCT Aug 2017
- Psychosis risk reduced for 80 weeks by just 12 weeks of Omega-3 – RCT Aug 2017
- Alzheimer’s (apoE4) may require more than Omega-3 - May 2017
- Infants getting 1 g of Omega-3 for 12 weeks got better brains – RCT March 2017
- Omega-3 reduces many psychiatric disorders – 2 reviews 2016
- Cognitive Impairment 1.8 times more likely if low Omega-3– Oct 2016
- Omega-3 may treat schizophrenia
- Benefits of Omega-3 on brain development
- Omega-3 helps childhood cognition – meta-analysis April 2016
- Football Brain injuries prevented by Omega-3 – RCT Jan 2016
- Schizophrenia treated by 6 months of Omega-3 – RCT Nov 2015
- Omega-3 and infant development - dissertation Sept 2015
- Omega-3 etc improved both cognition and mobility of older women – Aug 2015
- Schizophrenia relapses reduced 3X by Omega-3 – RCT Mar 2015
- Cognitive decline in elderly slowed by Omega-3 – meta-analysis May 2015
- Cognitively impaired brain atrophy was slowed 40 percent by Omega-3 and B vitamins – RCT July 2015
- Omega-3, Vitamin D, and other nutrients decrease mental health problems – March 2015
- Vitamin D, Omega-3 supplementation helps cognition – perhaps due to serotonin – Feb 2015
- Vitamin D and Omega-3 may reduce cortical atrophy with age – Nov 2013
- Alzheimer’s and Vitamins D, B, C, E, as well as Omega-3, metals, etc. – June 2013
Note: some of the benefit found may be due to healthier living/eating which is associated with eating nuts
Note: founder of VitaminDWiki daily
- Eat 100+ grams of nuts and dried fruit
- Take ~100 milligrams of Magnesium orally - pill or Magnesium Chloride liquid
- Apply Magnesium Chloride topically (with DMSO - which has eliminated my knee osteoarthritis )
- Take Omega-3
See also VitaminDWiki
Magnesium
- Magnesium is associated with prevention and treatment of Diabetes – Meta-analysis Aug 2016
- All-cause mortality is related to low Magnesium, rather than low Vitamin D – April 2015
- Magnesium and Vitamin D very synergistic – Aug 2013
- Magnesium prevents cardiovascular events – Meta-analysis March 2013
- Type 2 diabetes associated with low Magnesium
- Magnesium increases Vitamin D and decreases mortality - 2013
- Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy – (28 pages) Oct 2015
- Knee Osteoarthritis (Radiographic ) 3X less if have lots of Magnesium – May 2015
- Magnesium: its role in nutrition and carcinogenesis - 2013
Omega-3
- Omega-3, Vitamin D, and other nutrients decrease mental health problems – March 2015
- Omega-3 – need more than 1 gram for a short time to reduce Cardiovascular Disease – Nov 2016
- Cognitive Impairment 1.8 times more likely if low Omega-3– Oct 2016
- Omega-3 is vital for health, mail-in test is low cost and accurate
- 10 Diseases associated with Multiple Sclerosis are also associated with low Omega-3 and vitamin D – Feb 2016
Overview: Omega-3 many benefits include helping vitamin D has the following charts
WikiPedia Good (more vitamin D into bloodstream)= much more BLUE than Green
Omega ratiosWikipedia
Food sources of Magnesium
See also web
- More Proof That Nuts Are Part of a Healthy Diet Mercola Dec 2016
Long article, which includes information on the study on this page - Chance of colon cancer recurrence nearly cut in half in people who eat nuts
Science Daily May 2017, (not peanuts)
"An observational study of 826 patients with stage III colon cancer showed that those who consumed two ounces or more of nuts per week had a 42% lower chance of cancer recurrence and 57% lower chance of death than those who did not eat nuts."