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Vitamin D and neurocognitive function – Holick Oct 2022

Vitamin D and neurocognitive function

Clinical Interventions in Aging, , 559-568, DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S51785 https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S51785
Mathias Schlögl & Michael F Holick
'University Center for Medicine of Aging Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 2Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Video abstract
In recent years, emerging evidence has linked vitamin D not only to its known effects on calcium and bone metabolism, but also to many chronic illnesses involving neurocognitive decline. The importance of vitamin D3 in reducing the risk of these diseases continues to increase due to the fact that an increasing portion of the population in developed countries has a significant vitamin D deficiency. The older population is at an especially high risk for vitamin D deficiency due to the decreased cutaneous synthesis and dietary intake of vitamin D. Recent studies have confirmed an association between cognitive impairment, dementia, and vitamin D deficiency. There is a need for well-designed randomized trials to assess the benefits of vitamin D and lifestyle interventions in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.

PDF Table of Contents includes:

Vitamin D receptor in the brain
Vitamin D and aging
Malnutrition in the elderly
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D and neurocognitive functioning
Vitamin D and mild cognitive impairment
Vitamin D, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia

Appears to be very similar to: Vitamin D and neurocognitive function – Holick April 2014

49 VitaminDWiki pages with HOLICK in title (as of Oct 2022)

This list is automatically updated

Items found: 57
Title Modified
Revisiting Vitamin D Guidelines – Holick Oct 2024 15 Nov, 2024
Vitamin D interview and transcript - Dr. Holick Aug 2024 06 Sep, 2024
Dr. Holick interview with transcript - May 2024 05 May, 2024
Podcast by Dr. Holick on vitamin D - Feb 2011 05 May, 2024
Prostate Cancer - interview of Dr. Holick by Baggerly - video and transcript Jan 2024 05 May, 2024
Should You Take A Vitamin D Supplement - Dr Holick transcript Oct 2022 28 Nov, 2023
Vitamin D: 100 year anniversary of discovery – Holick Jan 2023 23 Jan, 2023
Vitamin D and neurocognitive function – Holick April 2014 21 Oct, 2022
Vitamin D and neurocognitive function – Holick Oct 2022 21 Oct, 2022
How Sensible Sun Exposure Benefits Your Health -Holick interview May 2022 30 May, 2022
UV, sunshine, and vitamin D (87 charts) - Holick March 2013 11 Jan, 2022
Vitamin D and COVID-19: a narrative review - Holick - Jan 4, 2022 10 Jan, 2022
Low Vitamin D in infants - video interview of Dr. Holick - May 2017 11 Dec, 2021
Hospital has banned Dr. Holick due to testifying in cases of infants with broken bones- August, 2021 03 Aug, 2021
Vitamin D Is Not as Toxic as Was Once Thought – Holick May 2015 20 Mar, 2021
Vitamin D, Zinc, etc. look promising for COVID-19 (Holick) - Jan 25, 2021 28 Jan, 2021
Call to action: Vitamin D to prevent of treat hip fracture (50,000 weekly for 8 weeks, then bi-weekly) – Holick July 2020 11 Dec, 2020
Rate of COVID-19 test positive is 40 pcnt lower if high vitamin D (192,000 people) - Holick Sept 2020 17 Sep, 2020
Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease - Holick July 2020 15 Jul, 2020
The vitamin D deficiency pandemic – Holick May 2017 21 Jan, 2020
Call to action – more Vitamin D for pregnancies, loading doses are OK – Holick Aug 2019 25 Jun, 2019
Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia – Holick 2010 10 Dec, 2018
Photobiology of Vitamin D – free chapter in book – Holick 2010 17 Nov, 2018
Kaiser Health News wrote a damning article about Dr. Holick and Vitamin D, NYT published it – Aug 2018 20 Aug, 2018
Vitamin D - at least 4,000 IU to achieve 40-60 ng and reduce risk of early death – Holick June 2018 04 Jun, 2018
Role of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes – Holick July 2017 16 Jul, 2017
The risks and benefits of sun exposure – Holick Oct 2016 05 Jan, 2017
Vitamin D presentation by Dr. Holick Spring 2012 08 Mar, 2016
Holick interview by Mercola on Vitamin D – Dec 2015 17 Jan, 2016
Major review of Vitamin D – Holick Feb 2013 27 Dec, 2015
Vitamin D Global Perspective - Holick June 2013 27 Dec, 2015
Dr. Holick video on vitamin D - March 2013 27 Dec, 2015
Vitamin D from 1940 and into the future – Holick video Nov 2013 28 Nov, 2015
Vitamin D review – Holick Jan 2013 24 Sep, 2015
Go ahead, soak up some sun (but don’t burn) – Holick July 2015 01 Aug, 2015
Chicago Sun Times on vitamin D: Depression, chest pain, fibromyalgia, Holick, 3000 IU without test - May 2010 15 Jul, 2015
Chicago Times on vitamin D: Depression, chest pain, fibromyalgia, Holick, 3000 IU without test - May 2010 15 Jul, 2015
Live Longer with Vitamin D - Holick March 2015 17 May, 2015
Sunlight and Your Health: An EnLIGHTening Perspective - Holick Video Dec 2014 14 Mar, 2015
Less sun means more disease -Grant, Holick, Cannell, et al Feb 2015 05 Mar, 2015
Cancer, Sunlight, and Vitamin D - Holick Oct 2014 06 Oct, 2014
Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D – Holick 1995 06 Jan, 2014
If You're Low in This Nutrient, It Doubles Your Odds of Many Cancers– Interview Dr. Holick Oct 2013 23 Dec, 2013
Patent application for a skin cream which enhances production of vitamin D – Holick July 2013 24 Nov, 2013
Vitamin D update – Holick Sept 2013 11 Nov, 2013
Vitamin D, Sunlight and Cancer Connection – Holick Jan 2013 11 Aug, 2013
Vitamin D encyc. - 2nd edition, Holick - April 2013 02 Mar, 2013
Major review of Vitamin D – Holick 2013 part II 08 Feb, 2013
Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Vitamin for Health – Holick Dec 2012 07 Jan, 2013
Evidence for vitamin D – Holick June 2012 23 Nov, 2012
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VitaminDWiki - Overview Alzheimer's-Cognition and Vitamin D contains

VitaminDWiki - Cognitive category cpntains

Very brief summary of Cognitive decline
Treatment : Vitamin D intervention slows or stops progression
Prevention : Many observational studies - perhaps Vitamin D prevents
Omega-3 both prevents and treats cognition
Wonder the benefits if both Vitamin D AND Omega-3 were to be used
Dementia page - 50 items

391 items in Cognition category

see also Overview Alzheimer's-Cognition and Vitamin D
Overview Parkinson's and Vitamin D

Studies in both categories of Cognition and:
Cardiovascular (8 studies), Genetics (9 studies), Vitamin D Receptor (16 studies), Omega-3 (52 studies), Intervention (20 studies), Meta-analyses (22 studies), Depression (24 studies), Parkinson's (24 studies)
Click here for details

Poor cognition 26 percent more likely if low Vitamin D (29 studies) – meta-analysis July 2017
Every schizophrenia measure was improved when vitamin D levels were normalized – June 2021
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia often associated with low Vitamin D – April 2020
IQ levels around the world are falling (perhaps lower Vitamin D, Iodine, or Omega-3)
Search VitaminDWiki for "WHITE MATTER" 325 items as of March 2023

Types of evidence that Vitamin D helps brain problems - 2014
https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-index.php?page_id=8392

94 VitaminDWiki pages with BRAIN in title (as of Oct 2022)

This list is automatically updated

Items found: 113
Title Modified
Brain Plasticity improves the brain, helps Long-COVID - several studies 17 Oct, 2024
Prenatal Vitamin B12 improves brains, 13 of 19 studies – May 2024 01 Sep, 2024
800 mg of Magnesium early in 3rd trimester significantly increased brain activity in preterm infants – RCT May 2024 03 Jun, 2024
Blood-brain barrier decreases with age, how to restore it 19 May, 2024
Blood-brain barrier decreases with age, how to restore it 19 May, 2024
The brain might also have a microbiome - May 2024 18 May, 2024
Benign Cancers of a portion of the brain increased 1.8 X after vaccines were available - March 2024 24 Mar, 2024
Benign Cancers of a portion of the brain increased 1.8 X after vaccines were available - March 2024 24 Mar, 2024
COVID-19 leaves its mark on the brain, dropping in IQs - March 2024 20 Mar, 2024
Brain and Vitamin D - many studies 07 Jan, 2024
Lupus can progress to effect brain and nerves - Jan 2024 05 Jan, 2024
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (improved by vitamin D, etc.) – Jan 2024 16 Dec, 2023
Vitamin D prevented brain damage by High Fructose corn syrup (in rats) – Feb 2024 07 Dec, 2023
The Longevity and Brain Benefits of Vigorous Exercise - Patrick video Dec 2023 05 Dec, 2023
Traumatic Brain Injury treated by Vitamin D - many studies 27 Sep, 2023
1 % weight loss delays brain aging by nearly nine months - RCT April 2023 28 Jul, 2023
Global burden of brain disorders surpasses cardiovascular disease and cancer - July 2023 15 Jul, 2023
Concussions (traumatic brain injury) getting big press coverage, vitamin D might be both a cause and a solution 15 Jul, 2023
Vitamin D levels in the brain vary with both the region and the brain problem – Dec 2022 16 Apr, 2023
Inflammation of small blood vessels in the brain is associated with low vitamin D - April 2023 04 Apr, 2023
Smaller brains associated with low vitamin D (again) – Dec 2022 14 Nov, 2022
Male brains age faster if low vitamin D (perhaps male-pattern baldness fights this) - Oct 2022 31 Oct, 2022
Brain cells can probably activate Vitamin D without liver or kidney (at least in rats) – Sept 2017 25 Oct, 2022
Surgeries to re-establish blood in brain, heart, etc. are far more successful with high Vitamin D levels – March 2022 08 Oct, 2022
Traumatic Brain Injury recovered faster if high vitamin D (review of 58 studies) – April 2021 09 Jun, 2022
Vitamin D can also fight COVID induced brain problems (behind paywall) – April 2022 04 Apr, 2022
Immune system both activates and uses vitamin D (in brain, fight COVID, etc.) - March 2022 16 Mar, 2022
Brain scans noticed changes in most elderly after COVID infection – March 2022 14 Mar, 2022
Every Parkinson’s brain had a gene modification that limited how much vitamin D was available (CYP27B1) – Feb 2022 15 Feb, 2022
White Matter Hyperintensities (brain) 1.8X more likely if 10 ng less vitamin D - meta-analysis Jan 2022 31 Jan, 2022
Mutated gene, OAS1, which lowers vitamin D in brain, increases Alzheimers and severe COVID-19 – Oct 2021 15 Oct, 2021
Early brain development helped by Iron, Iodine, Vitamin D, Omega-3. Zinc etc. – Oct 2021 08 Oct, 2021
Your Brain on Covid-19 Long-Haul, Dr. Galland video and transcript - Aug 1, 2021 07 Aug, 2021
Vitamin D supplementation resulted in thicker Brain Cortex – RCT June 2021 12 Jun, 2021
Vitamin D and Brain behaviour - review of 10 years - Jan 2021 10 Mar, 2021
Meningitis and other brain infections should be prevented by Vitamin D – June 2014 25 Feb, 2021
Vitamin D3 Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption due to TBI (in rats) – Feb 2021 23 Feb, 2021
Fewer days in hospital if 300,000 IU of vitamin D before brain surgery - RCT Feb 2021 25 Jan, 2021
Inhaling Vitamin D nanoemulsion through nose gets lots more to the brain (mice) – July 2020 03 Aug, 2020
Traumatic Brain Injury – 120,000 IU of Vitamin D resulted in 3 fewer days on ventilators – RCT March 2020 17 Mar, 2020
Low maternal Vitamin D results in larger portion of brain associated with autism – Jan 2020 07 Jan, 2020
Traumatic Brain Injuries treated by Vitamin D etc (US patent) – interview Dec 2019 25 Dec, 2019
Restless Leg Syndrome linked to brain genes associated with Vitamin D and Iron – Nov 2019 15 Nov, 2019
Vitamin D levels vary across the brain, what about other body tissues – July 2019 17 Jul, 2019
Recent brain problems appears to be associated with neurofilament light chains (would aide Vitamin D MS. Alz studies) – June 2019 13 Jul, 2019
Vitamin D Deficiency a Brain Disruptor - Spring 2019 14 Jun, 2019
Following brain surgery Vitamin D injections did not raise blood levels much – RCT June 2019 11 Jun, 2019
Omega-3 helps brains of seniors – May 2019 04 Jun, 2019
Variety of evidence that Vitamin D helps the brain – July 2014 25 May, 2019
Vitamin B12 treats Traumatic Brain Injury in mice – April 2019 21 May, 2019
Traumatic Brain Injuries routinely treated by Vitamin D, Omega-3, Progesterone and Gluatmine 15 May, 2019
Traumatic Brain Injury recovery helped by injection of 100,000 IU of Vitamin D – March 2019 13 May, 2019
Resveratrol and Brain Mitochondria: a Review – March 2018 28 Apr, 2019
Off topic: Limbic System and Brain can both be retrained (plasticity) – March 2019 17 Mar, 2019
Hypothesis – Brain plasticity improved by Vitamin D – Feb 2019 20 Feb, 2019
Standard Omega-3 not get past blood-brain barrier in seniors at high risk of Alzheimer’s – Patrick hypothesis Oct 2018 25 Dec, 2018
Omega-3 is important for Brain Health during all phases of life – Aug 2018 08 Dec, 2018
Poor blood-brain barrier following stroke if low vitamin D (in rats) – RCT Feb 2019 01 Dec, 2018
Amyloid brain plaque both prevented and removed by high vitamin D (in mice) – Aug 2018 23 Nov, 2018
Perhaps drugs such as inhaled vitamin D can get directly to the brain – March 2018 19 Nov, 2018
Brain injury disability associated with lower vitamin D – Oct 2018 20 Oct, 2018
Brain cancer in 175 countries related to low UVB and low vitamin D – Oct 2010 03 Oct, 2018
Autistics and Schizophrenics have 3X lower Vitamin B12 levels in the brain – Jan 2016 01 Oct, 2018
The Role of Vitamin D in Brain Health: A Mini Literature Review – Sept 2018 15 Sep, 2018
Brain is helped by Omega-3 during all phases of life – Aug 2018 21 Aug, 2018
Following strokes, brain scans (MRI) 3X worse in those having low vitamin D – July 2018 25 Jul, 2018
Smaller brains (Intracranial Volume) associated with lower vitamin D – July 2018 21 Jul, 2018
Omega-3: An Intelligent Decision for Brain Nutrition (book chapter) April 2018 24 Apr, 2018
5 Traumatic brain injuries resulted in 2.8 X increased risk of dementia – April 2018 11 Apr, 2018
Woolly mammoth brains, like mammal brains, were a good source of Omega-3 – March 2018 07 Apr, 2018
ADHD 4 year-olds – smaller brain regions proportional to ADHD severity – March 2018 26 Mar, 2018
60 percent of preemies have brain damage from lack of brain Oxygen, which is associated with low vitamin D – Feb 2018 22 Feb, 2018
Brain Tumor surgery – will previous injection of 300,000 IU Vitamin D help – RCT 2018 29 Dec, 2017
Off topic: Brain Plasticity (best way to exercise your brain) – Interview Dec 2012 08 Dec, 2017
Dementia risk reduced 29 percent by just 10 hours of computer brain plasticity training – RCT Dec 2017 08 Dec, 2017
Nerve growth and survival depends on BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor), which is associated with Vitamin D 19 Nov, 2017
Brain may deal with all forms of Vitamin D (rat brain) – Sept 2017 06 Nov, 2017
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury prevented with Omega-3, Resveratrol, etc (in rats) – Oct 2017 10 Oct, 2017
Lymphatic system discovered in brain (what about Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Omega-3 and Vitamin D) – Oct 2017 07 Oct, 2017
Active form of vitamin D directly protects the blood–brain barrier in multiple sclerosis – Aug 2017 26 Aug, 2017
300,000 IU Vitamin D injection before brain tumor surgery – RCT to finish Dec 2017 20 Aug, 2017
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury reduced by Vitamin D – May 2014 07 Aug, 2017
Infants getting 1 g of Omega-3 for 12 weeks got better brains – RCT March 2017 18 Mar, 2017
Sustained brain attention appears to vary with vitamin D levels – March 2016 21 Jan, 2017
Glioma (brain, spinal cancer) 40 percent less likely if male vitamin D levels were high 15 years earlier – Aug 2015 25 Dec, 2016
Cognitive decline after traumatic brain injury reduced by Omega-3 (mice) – Nov 2016 06 Dec, 2016
Traumatic brain injury treated by Vitamin D Progesterone Omega-3 and glutamine – May 2013 11 Sep, 2016
Zika causes brain problems in adult (mice) having poor immune systems– Nov 2016 22 Aug, 2016
Magnesium L-Threonate – tiny amount more bioavailable to brain but far more expensive– June 2016 16 May, 2016
Malaria in mice brains, and associated inflammation, prevented by Vitamin D intervention – July 2014 01 May, 2016
Fructose altered hundreds of brain genes (in rats) unless also take Omega-3 – April 2016 01 May, 2016
High-fructose diet slows recovery from brain injury - TBI, rats - Oct 2015 01 May, 2016
Benefits of Omega-3 on brain development 30 Apr, 2016
Football Brain injuries prevented by Omega-3 – RCT Jan 2016 08 Feb, 2016
Traumatic Brain Injury in military - vitamin D - 2014 08 Feb, 2016
Magnesium may be an important way to treat brain trauma 12 Oct, 2015
Less vitamin D, bigger brain - humans and animals - Jan 2015 11 Aug, 2015
Cognitively impaired brain atrophy was slowed 40 percent by Omega-3 and B vitamins – RCT July 2015 14 Jul, 2015
Fewer white spots in MRI brain scans if had more vitamin D – Jan 2014 31 May, 2015
Parkinsons' disease and MRI white matter in brain 25 Feb, 2015
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VitaminDWiki - 16 studies in both Cognitive and Vitamin D Receptor categories

This list is automatically updated

It appears that more Vitamin D gets to the brain when it is inhaled thru the nose

Study References
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  2. Dobs AS, Levine MA, Margolis S. Effects of pravastatin, a new HMG- CoA reductase inhibitor, on vitamin D synthesis in man. Metabolism. 1991;40(5):524-528.
  3. Godar DE, Pope SJ, Grant WB, Holick MF. Solar UV doses of adult Americans and vitamin D(3) production. Dermatoendocrinol. 2011;3(4):243-250.
  4. Holick MF. Optimal vitamin D status for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(12):1017-1029.
  5. Holick MF. Evolution and function of vitamin D. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;164:3-28.
  6. Lehmann B, Tiebel O, Meurer M. Expression of vitamin D3 25-hydroxylase (CYP27) mRNA after induction by vitamin D3 or UVB radiation in keratinocytes of human skin equivalents - a preliminary study. Arch Dermatol Res. 1999;291(9):507-510.
  7. Bikle DD, Halloran BP, Riviere JE. Production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 by perfused pig skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102(5):796-798.
  8. Seifert M, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (lalphaOHase, CYP27B1) splice variants in HaCaT keratinocytes and other skin cells: modulation by culture conditions and UV-B treatment in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(9): 3659-3667.
  9. Fu GK, Lin D, Zhang MY, et al. Cloning of human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase and mutations causing vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1. Mol Endocrinol. 1997;11(13):1961—1970.
  10. Lehmann B, Genehr T, Knuschke P, Pietzsch J, Meurer M. UVB-induced conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in an in vitro human skin equivalent model. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117(5):1179—1185.
  11. Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, et al. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell. 1995;83(6):835—839.
  12. Sutherland MK, Somerville MJ, Yoong LK, Bergeron C, Haussler MR, McLachlan DR. Reduction of vitamin D hormone receptor mRNA levels in Alzheimer as compared to Huntington hippocampus: correlation with calbindin-28k mRNA levels. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992;13(3):239—250.
  13. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, McGrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. JChem Neuroanat. 2005;29(1):21-30.
  14. Dhikav V Anand K. Potential predictors of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Aging. 2011;28(1):1-11.
  15. Mu Y, Gage FH. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2011;6:85.
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  17. Calabresi P, Castrioto A, Di Filippo M, Picconi B. New experimental and clinical links between the hippocampus and the dopaminergic system in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(8): 811-821.
  18. Nimitphong H, Holick MF. Vitamin D, neurocognitive functioning and immunocompetence. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011; 14(1):7-14.
  19. Beydoun MA, Ding EL, Beydoun HA, Tanaka T, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. Vitamin D receptor and megalin gene polymorphisms and their associations with longitudinal cognitive change in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(1):163-178.
  20. Kuningas M, Mooijaart SP, Jolles J, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RG, van Heemst D. VDR gene variants associate with cognitive function and depressive symptoms in old age. Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30(3): 466-473.
  21. Luedecking-Zimmer E, DeKosky ST, Nebes R, Kamboh MI. Association of the 3' UTR transcription factor LBP-1c/CP2/LSF polymorphism with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Med Genet BNeuropsychiatr Genet. 2003;117B(1):114-117.
  22. Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E, Ertan T, et al. Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007;212(3):275-282.
  23. Lehmann DJ, Refsum H, Warden DR, Medway C, Wilcock GK, Smith AD. The vitamin D receptor gene is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2011;504(2):79-82.
  24. Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E, Bilgiç B, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene haplotype is associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2012;228(3):189-196.
  25. Kim JS, Kim YI, Song C, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson’s disease in Koreans. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(3):495-98.
  26. Butler MW, Burt A, Edwards TL, et al. Vitamin D receptor gene as a candidate gene for Parkinson disease. Ann Hum Genet. 2011;75(2): 201-210.
  27. Han X, Xue L, Li Y, Chen B, Xie A. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and its association with Parkinson’s disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett. 2012;525(1):29-33.
  28. Lv Z, Tang B, Sun Q, Yan X, Guo J. Association study between vitamin d receptor gene polymorphisms and patients with Parkinson disease in Chinese Han population. Int J Neurosci. 2013;123(1):60—64.
  29. Torok R, Torok N, Szalardy L, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and Parkinson’s disease in Hungarians. Neurosci Lett. 2013;551:70-74.
  30. Krizova L, Kollar B, Jezova D, Turcani P. Genetic aspects of vitamin D receptor and metabolism in relation to the risk of multiple sclerosis. Gen PhysiolBiophys. Epub September 26, 2013.
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  32. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Plasma vitamin D and 25OHD responses of young and old men to supplementation with vitamin D3. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(4):357-362.
  33. Gallagher JC, Rapuri P, Smith L. Falls are associated with decreased renal function and insufficient calcitriol production by the kidney. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3-5):610-613.
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  35. Need AG, Morris HA, Horowitz M, Nordin C. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(6):882-885.
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  37. Gau JT. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency practice patterns in nursing homes. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010;11(4):296.
  38. Morley JE. Vitamin d redux. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10(9): 591-592.
  39. Braddy KK, Imam SN, Palla KR, Lee TA. Vitamin d deficiency/insufficiency practice patterns in a veterans health administration longterm care population: a retrospective analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10(9):653-657.
  40. Perry HM, Horowitz M, Morley JE, et al. Longitudinal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older people. Metabolism. 1999;48(8): 1028-1032.
  41. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-762.
  42. Welge-Lüssen A. Ageing, neurodegeneration, and olfactory and gustatory loss. B-ENT. 2009;5 Suppl 13:129-132.
  43. Methven L, Allen VJ, Withers CA, Gosney MA. Ageing and taste. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(4):556-565.
  44. Guiglia R, Musciotto A, Compilato D, et al. Aging and oral health: effects in hard and soft tissues. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(6):619-630.
  45. Zadak Z, Hyspler R, Ticha A, Vlcek J. Polypharmacy and malnutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(1):50-55.
  46. Tamura BK, Bell CL, Masaki KH, Amella EJ. Factors associated with weight loss, low BMI, and malnutrition among nursing home patients: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(9): 649-655.
  47. van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Lonterman-Monasch S, de Vries OJ, Danner SA, Kramer MH, Muller M. Prevalence and determinants for malnutrition in geriatric outpatients. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(6):1007-1011.
  48. Roqué M, Salvà A, Vellas B. Malnutrition in community-dwelling adults with dementia (NutriAlz Trial). J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(4):295-299.
  49. Ikeda M, Brown J, Holland AJ, Fukuhara R, Hodges JR. Changes in appetite, food preference, and eating habits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(4): 371-376.
  50. Manthorpe J, Watson R. Poorly served? Eating and dementia. J Adv Nurs. 2003;41(2):162-169.
  51. Greenwood CE, Tam C, Chan M, Young KW, Binns MA, van Reekum R. Behavioral disturbances, not cognitive deterioration, are associated with altered food selection in seniors with Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(4): 499-505.
  52. Allen VJ, Methven L, Gosney MA. Use of nutritional complete supplements in older adults with dementia: Systematic review and metaanalysis of clinical outcomes. Clin Nutr. Epub Mar 28, 2013.
  53. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930.
  54. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2011.
  55. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, et al. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(1):133-140.
  56. Wahl DA, Cooper C, Ebeling PR, et al. A global representation of vitamin D status in healthy populations. Arch Osteoporos. 2012; 7(1-2): 155-172.
  57. Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin d for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(7):720-755.
  58. van der Wielen RP, Lowik MR, van den Berg H, et al. Serum vitamin D concentrations among elderly people in Europe. Lancet. 1995;346(8969):207-210.
  59. Ganji V Zhang X, Tangpricha V Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and prevalence estimates of hypovitaminosis D in the US population based on assay-adjusted data. J Nutr. 2012;142(3): 498-507.
  60. Valtuena J, Gracia-Marco L, Huybrechts I, et al; Helena Study Group. Cardiorespiratory fitness in males, and upper limbs muscular strength in females, are positively related with 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma concentrations in European adolescents: the HELENA study. QJM. 2013;106(9):809-821.
  61. Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD, et al; Intermountain Heart Collaborative (IHC) Study Group. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(7): 963-968.
  62. Kienreich K, Tomaschitz A, Verheyen N, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3005-3021.
  63. Chabas JF, Alluin O, Rao G, et al. Vitamin D2 potentiates axon regeneration. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(10):1247-1256.
  64. Brown J, Bianco JI, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett. 2003;343(2):139-143.
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