Note: Many pages still need to be moved from Antibiotics, probiotics
- There are about 3X as more nonhuman than human cells in the body
- The gut is just one of the scores of microbiome locations in the body
- There is a huge intraction between Vitamin D and human gut Microbiome
- The term ‘microbiome’ was coined in 2001 by Joshua Lederberg
- and refers to the variety of microorganisms that are present in a particular environment
- 'human gut microbiome’, for instance, refers to the population of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and protists that live in the human gut.
Microbiones: Gut + 8 of many others
Synergy Health and Wellness 2014
(More Microbiome info below this box)
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Cancer studies include: Breast
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COVID-19 treated by Vitamin D - studies, reports, videos
- 19 of the 106,000 studies which have Microbiome in the title
- The person-to-person transmission landscape of the gut and oral microbiomes - Jan 2023
- Unlocking the ‘gut microbiome’ – and its massive significance to our health - July 2021
- How Your Microbiome Affects Your Emotions and Wellbeing - GrassrootsHealth Sept 2021
- Selected Microbiome items
15 articles in both of the categories Microbiome and Gut - Per mL: Mouth:100,000, Esophagus:10 Million, Stomach: 1,000, Small Intestine: 1,000 to 100 Million, Large Intestine: up to 1 Trillion
- Where are the different microbiomes in the human body?- Perplexity AI May 2024
- All
38 Microbiome articles - All
93 Antibiotic - Probiotic articles
19 of the 106,000 studies which have Microbiome in the title
- The cancer microbiome - June 2019 PDF via Sci-Hub
- The Healthy Microbiome—What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome? - Jan 2021 PDF via Sci-Hub
- Current understanding of the human microbiome - April 2018 PDF
- The gut microbiome in neurological disorders - Feb 2020 PDF via Sci-Hub
- Emerging role of the host microbiome in neuropsychiatric disorders: overview and future directions - Oct 2023 PDF
- Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in gastrointestinal cancer: A review -Jan 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1130562 FREE PDF
- The gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease: what we know and what remains to be explored - Feb 2023 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00595-7 FREE PDF
- The human microbiome and COVID-19: A systematic review - June 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253293 FREE PDF
- Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome - July 2020 https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/8/1510 FREE PDF
- Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review - Sept 2021 PDF
- The Healthy Microbiome—What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome? - Jan 2021 - abstract plus snips of the PDF https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.057
- The human skin microbiome - Jan 2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157 FREE PDF
- Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals - Jan 2019 PDF
- Gut Microbiome: The Cornerstone of Life and Health - April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9894812 FREE PDF
- The microbiome in autoimmune diseases - Jan 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13158 FREE PDF
- The Microbiome and Aging - Dec 2019 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043650 FREE PDF
- The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome - Oct 2019 https://doi.org/110.1172/JCI129194 FREE PDF
- The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis - 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003 FREE PDF
The person-to-person transmission landscape of the gut and oral microbiomes - Jan 2023
Table of Contents of PDF
The human microbiome is an integral component of the human body and a co-determinant of several health conditions1,2. However, the extent to which interpersonal relations shape the individual genetic makeup of the microbiome and its transmission within and across populations remains largely unknown3,4.
Here, capitalizing on more than 9,700 human metagenomes and computational strain-level profiling, we detected extensive bacterial strain sharing across individuals (more than 10 million instances) with distinct mother-to-infant, intra-household and intra-population transmission patterns.
Mother-to-infant gut microbiome transmission was considerable and stable during infancy (around 50% of the same strains among shared species (strain-sharing rate)) and remained detectable at older ages.
By contrast, the transmission of the oral microbiome occurred largely horizontally and was enhanced by the duration of cohabitation.
There was substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with 12% and 32% median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral microbiomes, and time since cohabitation affected strain sharing more than age or genetics did.
Bacterial strain sharing additionally recapitulated host population structures better than species-level profiles did. Finally, distinct taxa appeared as efficient spreaders across transmission modes and were associated with different predicted bacterial phenotypes linked with out-of-host survival capabilities. The extent of microorganism transmission that we describe underscores its relevance in human microbiome studies5, especially those on non-infectious, microbiome-associated diseases.
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWikiStudy was extensively reviewed in QuantaMagazine - March 2023
Unlocking the ‘gut microbiome’ – and its massive significance to our health - July 2021
The Guardian
Scientists are only just discovering the enormous impact of our gut health – and how it could hold the key to everything from tackling obesity to overcoming anxiety and boosting immunityA few snips from their excellent overview
- "Your gut microbiome weighs about 2kg and is bigger than the average human brain. It’s a bustling community of trillions of bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, containing at least 150 times more genes than the human genome. We are filled to the brim with microbes, which form microbiomes on our skin, in our mouths, lungs, eyes, and reproductive systems. These have co-evolved alongside us since the beginning of human history. But the gut’s is the largest and most significant for our short- and long-term health. It is massively complex and its residents vary enormously from person to person. According to a study in 2020 by the European Bioinformatics Institute, which pooled more than 200,000 gut genomes to create a genetic database of human gut microbes, 70% of the microbial populations it listed – 2,000 species – hadn’t yet been cultured in a lab and were previously unknown."
- “Over the past 80 years and since the dawn of antibiotics, there has been multi-generational loss of microbes that appear to be important for human health,” he says. “They’re passed from mother to child [during birth, via breastmilk and skin contact] throughout the generations, but at some point in the last three or four generations, we lost some. We’re not entirely sure if the cause was our lifestyle, our diet, cleanliness in our homes or the use of antibiotics. We’re also missing certain immune stimulants that people in the developing world have plenty of.”
- To do this, microbes need about 30g of fibre a day, but the average intake in the UK is just 10-15g. Is this why modern, low fibre, ultra-processed, high-sugar diets seem so problematic for human gut health?
- The great opportunity – but also the great difficulty – of gut microbiome science is that poor gut health is associated with such a vast range of conditions, from obesity and degenerative brain diseases to depression, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic inflammation. “The microbiome is associated with everything,”
- "Spector’s 30-year-long study of 15,000 twins, TwinsUK, and his PREDICT studies have shown that even genetically identical people respond to the same foods very differently (our microbiomes are so variable that twins share only 30% of the same gut microbes)."
- "A very small Italian study using a similar commercial probiotic, Sivomixx, piqued his interest after it suggested acute Covid patients treated with it might be less likely to end up in ICU or to die, and eight times less likely to suffer respiratory failure. Bjarnason is hoping to start a larger study in the next few months."
How Your Microbiome Affects Your Emotions and Wellbeing - GrassrootsHealth Sept 2021
Short article and 7 min. video
Selected Microbiome items
38 Microbiome articles - Nutrients, Microbiome, and Chronic Diseases - April 2023
- Fecal transplants - many studies
- Healthy microbiota might reduce COVID-19 – several studies
- Poor absorption of Vitamin D is strongly related to type of gut bacteria – Dec 2020
- Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview– June 2020
- Parkinson's Disease and gut microbiome - several studies
- Vitamin D levels change Gut Microbiota – 25 study review Sept 2021
- Gut Microbiota: improved by Vitamin D – narrative review – July 2021
- Gut microbiome massively changed by weekly vitamin D – July 2015
- Also: Google Scholar on Microbiome includes:The cancer microbiome - June 2019, The Healthy Microbiome—What Is the Definition of a Healthy Gut Microbiome? - Jan 2021, The gut microbiome in neurological disorders - Feb 2020, Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in gastrointestinal cancer: A review -Jan 2023, The human microbiome and COVID-19: A systematic review - June 2021, *Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome - July 2020
15 articles in both of the categories Microbiome and Gut This list is automatically updated
- Fecal transplants finally approved to fight C.difficile – July 2024
- Nutrients, Microbiome, and Chronic Diseases - April 2023
- Vitamin D levels change Gut Microbiota – 25 study review Sept 2021
- Gut Microbiota: improved by Vitamin D – narrative review – July 2021
- Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview– June 2020
- Migraine Headache association with poor gut – Feb 2020
- Gut microbiome altered by many nutrients – such as Vitamin D – Jan 2020
- Strong interactions between Vitamin D and the gut microbiota via Butyrate and VDR – Dec 2019
- Vitamin D, Gut Microbiota, and Chemo-radiation interactions – Dec 2019
- Inflammatory bowel disease, gut bionome and Vitamin D Receptor – 2018
- Resveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota – Nov 2018
- Microbiome improvement by probiotics can be augmented with phages (gut, etc.)
- Gut bacteria of Crohn's disease patients improved by Vitamin D – March 2018
- Gut microbiome massively changed by weekly vitamin D – July 2015
- Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ (vitamin D not mentioned) – July 2014
Per mL: Mouth:100,000, Esophagus:10 Million, Stomach: 1,000, Small Intestine: 1,000 to 100 Million, Large Intestine: up to 1 Trillion
colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter (mL)
What Lives in Your Gut? Mercola Feb 2024
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Where are the different microbiomes in the human body?- Perplexity AI May 2024
The human body hosts a variety of microbiomes, each located in distinct anatomical sites. These microbiomes consist of diverse communities of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes. Here are the primary locations of microbiomes in the human body:
1. Gastrointestinal Tract
Gut Microbiome: The largest and most diverse microbiome, primarily composed of bacteria, but also includes fungi, viruses, and archaea. It plays a crucial role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.
2. Skin
Skin Microbiome: Composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, the skin microbiome varies significantly across different areas of the body, such as the face, hands, armpits, and feet. It helps protect against pathogens and maintains skin health.
3. Oral Cavity
Oral Microbiome: Includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses found on the tongue, teeth, gums, and saliva. It is essential for oral health and can influence systemic health.
4. Respiratory Tract
Respiratory Microbiome: Found in the nasal cavity, throat, and lungs, this microbiome includes bacteria and viruses that can impact respiratory health and disease susceptibility.
5. Urogenital Tract
Vaginal Microbiome: Dominated by Lactobacillus species, it plays a key role in protecting against infections and maintaining reproductive health.
Male Reproductive Tract Microbiome: Includes bacteria found in seminal fluid, which can affect sperm quality and reproductive health.
__6. Mammary Glands
Breast Microbiome: Includes bacteria that can influence breast health and potentially impact breastfeeding.
7. Other Sites
Oral Mucosa and Saliva: These areas host diverse microbial communities that contribute to oral and systemic health.
Conjunctiva: The eye's surface has its own microbiome that helps protect against infections.Each of these microbiomes is adapted to its specific environment and plays a unique role in maintaining the health and function of its respective body site. The composition and function of these microbiomes can be influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures.
Click here to see 13 references online
All
38 Microbiome articles This list is automatically updated
- wiki page:
- Fecal transplants finally approved to fight C.difficile – July 2024
- Autism is strongly associated with 31 gut microbiota (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses) – July 2024
- Vitamin D might be fighting some cancers by increasing good microbiota – May 2024
- The brain might also have a microbiome - May 2024
- Fathers taking antibiotics at time of conception had 3X higher infant deaths (mice – so far) – May 2024
- Autism risky if low vitamin D during pregnancy and early life (mice, fecal transplant reversed it) – March 2024
- Fecal transplants - many studies
- Nutrients, Microbiome, and Chronic Diseases - April 2023
- Metabolic Syndrome prevented by Vitamin D, Phytochemicals and improved gut bacteria - Feb 2023
- Ways to improve the gut microbiome to reduce Alzheimer's disease – Feb 2023
- Parkinson's Disease and gut microbiome - several studies
- Vitamin D levels change Gut Microbiota – 25 study review Sept 2021
- Fecal transplant from young reduced age-associated defects in old (mice so far) – Aug 2021
- Gut Microbiota: improved by Vitamin D – narrative review – July 2021
- Microbiome
- Healthy microbiota might reduce COVID-19 – several studies
- Poor absorption of Vitamin D is strongly related to type of gut bacteria – Dec 2020
- Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview– June 2020
- Migraine Headache association with poor gut – Feb 2020
- Gut microbiome altered by many nutrients – such as Vitamin D – Jan 2020
- Strong interactions between Vitamin D and the gut microbiota via Butyrate and VDR – Dec 2019
- Prediabetics had different gut bacteria – April 2018
- Vitamin D, Gut Microbiota, and Chemo-radiation interactions – Dec 2019
- Inflammatory bowel disease, gut bionome and Vitamin D Receptor – 2018
- Low vitamin D in pregnancy linked to potentially harmful vaginal bacteria in black women - May 2019
- Resveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota – Nov 2018
- Oral Vitamin D, the lung microbiome and Tuberculosis – June 2019
- Hydrogel encapsulated vitamin D gets to colon – Sept 2018
- Microbiome improvement by probiotics can be augmented with phages (gut, etc.)
- Gut bacteria of Crohn's disease patients improved by Vitamin D – March 2018
- Antibiotics, even short-term, cause long-term microbiome and metabolic changes in mice – June 2015
- Gut microbiome massively changed by weekly vitamin D – July 2015
- Exploring gut microbes in Human health and disease: pushing the envelope - Aug 2014
- Vitamin D, immunity and microbiome – Dec 2014
- Biota and Vitamin D - thoughts
- Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ (vitamin D not mentioned) – July 2014
- 360X more bacterial than human genes in the body – June 2012
All
93 Antibiotic - Probiotic articles This list is automatically updated
- wiki page:
- Top 3 Supplements to Regenerate Stem Cells and Live Longer (Vitamin D, Omega-3, Magnesium) - video July 2024
- Fathers taking antibiotics at time of conception had 3X higher infant deaths (mice – so far) – May 2024
- Autism risky if low vitamin D during pregnancy and early life (mice, fecal transplant reversed it) – March 2024
- Gestational Diabetes best fought by Vitamin D plus probiotics – RCT review Dec 2023
- Off Topic: Xylitol reduces cavities, preterm births, osteoporosis, RTI, obesity, diabetes, etc. - several studies
- Rheumatoid Arthritis should be prevented by improving gut microbiota (Vitamin D, probiotics, etc.) – March 2023
- Autism may be synergistically treated by Vitamin D and probiotics – July 2022
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- COVID Long-Haul fought by probiotics - Jan 2022
- Tested positive for COVID, taking probiotics stopped symptoms 5 days sooner - RCT Jan 2022
- Bacterial infections reduced by Vitamin D without antibiotics – Oct 2019
- Antibiotic resistance interactions – Oct 2015
- Vitamin D may reduce Respiratory Tract Infections and the use of antibiotics – March 2021
- 10,000,000 deaths annually in 2050 due to antibiotics no longer working (vitamin D can help)
- Probiotics augments Vitamin D – review of RCT Dec 2020
- Many supplements appear to fight COVID-19 – vitamin D cited 52 times – May 2021
- Less than 10 dollars of Vitamin D per COVID-19 life saved in Myanmar - Jan 2021
- Vitamin D is aided by probiotics (review of RCTs) – Dec 2020
- Streptococci and Vitamin D3 (also D4, D5) - Sept 2020
- Those with Asthma or COPD had half the response to Vitamin D – March 2020
- Lack of sun has caused multiple vitamin deficiencies, poor health and poor sleep - Gorminak Feb 2020
- Many autistic children are getting some Vitamin D, Omega-3, probiotics, etc. – Aug 2019
- Antibiotics increased the risk of asthma by 47%, and allergies by 25% - Dec 2019
- Prediabetics had different gut bacteria – April 2018
- Probiotics increased Vitamin D etc in healthy children – RCT Oct 2019
- Lung Cancer risk reduced 33 percent in those having lots of fiber and yogurt – Oct 2019
- Depression treated by Omega-3, Magnesium, Zinc, probiotics, etc - Sept 2017
- Antibiotics in children associated with low Vitamin D and short height (Ethiopia) – March 2019
- Antibiotics found in many rivers – June 2019
- 10 percent of all women had after-birth infections – majority had low vitamin D (PhD) – 2019
- Schizophrenia reduced by biweekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D and probiotics – RCT Feb 2019
- Antibiotics during pregnancy may cause childhood health problems – Feb 2019
- Prebiotics increased Vitamin D in celiac disease patients (gut-friendly Vit. D also helps) – RCT Nov 2018
- Reasons for Low Vitamin D and what to do
- Fecal transplants increased Vitamin D levels (germ-free mice) – March 2018
- Vitamin D treatment of diabetes (50,000 IU every 2 weeks) augmented by probiotic – RCT June 2018
- Autism risk increased if infant had antibiotics (2X), acetaminophen (3X), or no vitamin D drops (1.5X) – June 2018
- Kidney Stones risk increased 1.3 X to 2 X by antibiotics, especially children – May 2018
- Child Asthma increased 2.1 X by antibiotics, Child milk allergy increased 4.4 X by PPI – April 2018
- 5 Antibiotic courses raised risk of diabetes by 37 percent (200,000 diabetics, more than 1 year after antibiotic) - 2015, 2016
- Probiotiocs (yogurt, etc) reduce hypertension – 2017
- Vitamin D Receptor in gut can be activated by lithocholic acid produced by gut bacteria
- Antibiotic use decreased after supplementing with 1500 IU of Vitamin D – Sept 2016
- Off topic: Ecoli adapts to 1000 times toxic dose of antibiotics in just 11 days – Sept 2016
- Omega-3 in infancy reduces Obesity following antibiotic (confirmed in rats, suspected in humans) – Feb 2016
- Off topic - Parkinson’s Disease changes gut bacteria – March 2015
- Diabetes risk increased by 50 percent if had 5 courses of antibiotics – Aug 2015
- Vitamin D receptor functionality improved with probiotics – Sept 2015
- RSV (bronchitis and viral pneumonia) in infants associated with low vitamin D and antibiotics – Aug 2015
- Antibiotics, even short-term, cause long-term microbiome and metabolic changes in mice – June 2015
- Probiotic and vitamin D synergy - July 2015
- Antibiotic usage US map is very similar to obesity US map - June 2015
- Colon cancer – vitamin D, probiotics, and leptin might help – May 2015
- Gut, Alzheimer, autism, disease, fecal transplant, etc - Dr. Perlmutter, May 2015
- Prediabetic have very different gut bacteria – March 2015
- Hypothesis – Multiple Sclerosis risk increases with low UV, viral infections, and antibiotics in childhood – March 2015
- Antibiotic resistance will kill 300 million in 35 years, FDA doing nothing, UK considering wrong things – Feb 2015
- Hypothesis: Bacteria Control Host Appetites - Feb 2013
- Medical use of antibiotics increased 36 percent globally in a decade – Aug 2014
- Off topic: Consumer Labs has great reviews of supplements– a peek at their probiotics matrix
- Huge increases in health problems – risk factors include Vitamin D, Antibiotics, and Roundup
- Obesity causes half a million cancer deaths annually – mainly in developed countries – Jan 2015
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease perhaps due to gut microbiota – Nov 2013
- Gut Microbiome is important during pregnancy – Dec 2014
- Off Topic: 200,000 deaths annually due to superbugs - 10,000,000 annually in 35 years – Dec 2014
- Do antibiotics given to speedup weight gain in farm animals result in decreased vitamin D for humans
- The Antibiotic Effects of Vitamin D – 2014
- 1.8X increased risk of Obesity if antibiotics were used during pregnancy – Nov 2014
- Antibiotics, probiotics
- Autism associated with low gut flora (due to antibiotics) – Mercola Oct 2014
- Gut flora which reduce cholesterol have been patented - Sept 2014
- Exploring gut microbes in Human health and disease: pushing the envelope – Aug 2014
- What you eat is a function of what your gut flora wants – Aug 2014
- Your health has a symbiotic relationship with 100 Trillion Bacteria – Mercola Aug 2014
- Low-level antibiotics causes weight gain in mice (and most mammals) – Aug 2014
- Antibiotic resistance charts by Information Is Beautiful - 2014
- 2000 IU vitamin D during pregnancy and 800 IU to infant resulted in less use of antibiotics – RCT April 2014
- Probiotics reduces blood pressure, but not as much as vitamin D does – meta-analysis July 2014
- Biota and Vitamin D - thoughts
- Probiotic (L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 ) greately increased vitamin D levels for many – RCT July 2013
- Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei Zhang) reduces T2 Diabetes in mice – July 2014
- Probiotics reduced weight gain in mice for many weeks (proof of concept) – June 2014
- Probiotics, prebiotics, and the host microbiome - the science of translation – June 2013
- Antibiotics and Vitamin D are associated with many of the same diseases
- Antibiotics for Q-Fever result in photosensitivity and huge drop in vitamin D levels – Dec 2013
- Antibiotic use cut in half by elderly (over 70) after monthly 60,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Dec 2013
- Hypothesis: vitamin D and probiotics will reduce type II diabetes – Jan 2013
- Hypothesis: antibiotic resistant bacteria can be controlled with vitamin D
- Soft Bones, Hard Arteries, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2 and antibiotics – Sept 2012
- Reasons for low response to vitamin D
- Less than 1 percent of the genes in your body are even mammalian
- Antimicrobial implications of vitamin D – Oct 2011
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