Table of contents
- Deciphering the immunoboosting potential of macro and micronutrients in COVID support therapy
- VitaminDWiki – COVID-19 treated by Vitamin D - studies, reports, videos
- VitaminDWiki - Virus with Zinc (
33 studies) - VitaminDWiki - Virus with Magnesium (
26 studies) - VitaminDWiki - Virus with Vitamin C (
25 studies)
Deciphering the immunoboosting potential of macro and micronutrients in COVID support therapy
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022) DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20075-7
Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Ali I. Al-Gareeb, Safaa Qusti, Eida M. Alshammari, Deepak Kaushik, Ravinder Verma & Hayder M. Al-kuraishyVirus barriers
The immune system protects human health from the effects of pathogenic organisms; however, its activity is affected when individuals become infected. These activities require a series of molecules, substrates, and energy sources that are derived from diets. The consumed nutrients from diets help to enhance the immunity of infected individuals as it relates to COVID-19 patients. This study aims to review and highlight requirement and role of macro- and micronutrients of COVID-19 patients in enhancing their immune systems. Series of studies were found to have demonstrated the enhancing potentials of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, copper, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, and selenium) in supporting the immune system’s fight against respiratory infections. Each of these nutrients performs a vital role as an antiviral defense in COVID-19 patients. Appropriate consumption or intake of dietary sources that yield these nutrients will help provide the daily requirement to support the immune system in its fight against pathogenic viruses such as COVID-19.
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWikiVitamin D (from pdf)
Vitamin D fights against acute infections of the respiratory tract. Recent studies reported a reduced risk of infections with COVID-19 on increased intake of vitamin D as shown in Fig. 2. It plays a critical role by affecting the maturation of immune cells (Grant et al. 2020). Studies reported a reduced level of vitamin D in healthy individuals particularly at the end of winter season, this coincides with COVID-19 discovery in winter of 2019 (Arabi et al. 2020). Vulnerable patients are advised to increase their vitamin D intake. Due to the stay-at-home order, there is reduced exposure of people to sunlight. Therefore, it is very important to increase the consumption of dietary sources rich in vitamin D (Zabeta-kis et al. 2020). Vitamin D-rich foods include oily fish and cod liver oil, among others (Larsen et al. 2011). The lack of vitamin D in cold weather periods is connected to viral outbreaks. The proper vitamin D level prevents the risk of chronic conditions like high blood pressure, cancer, heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension in people with respiratory infections (Muscogiuri et al. 2017).
Vitamin D performs a series of function in the body, such as protection of the respiratory tract, tight junction preservation, and elimination of encapsulated viruses via cathelici-din and defensin activation, and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the innate immune system; thus, the risk of cytokine storm development is reduced, which will consequently lead to pneumonia. Considering that going outside is not very feasible and the exposure to sunlight is limited, foods now serve as the best alternative source of vitamin D. Fish, egg yolk, liver, yogurt, and milk are known foods that contain vitamin D. Several body defense cells possess vitamin D receptors which enhance efficacy after bonding to ligands, and therefore, vitamin D greatly impacts on immunity. Vitamin D promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages, thereby increasing their killing capacity, affecting cytokines release, and promoting antigen presentation. Additionally, metabolites of vitamin D help in regulating the release of proteins with antimicrobial properties that destroy pathogens and therefore reduce infections of the lungs (Gombart 2009; Greiller and Martineau 2015). Research has shown that vitamin D is present in meat (Ovesen et al. 2003). Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is obtained through skin exposure to sunlight, has greater potency than ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) found in mushrooms (Holick 2008; Norman 2008). Vulnerability to respiratory tract infection has been reported in some studies in people with low vitamin D in the blood (Cannell et al. 2006; Jollie et al. 2013 Also, several meta-analyses reported that the addition of vitamin D to food decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections in humans (Charan et al. 2012; Autier et al. 2017). Its lack impedes the functions of the immune system due to its immunomodulatory role, thereby increasing inborn immunity by antiviral peptide production, which helps in the improvement of mucosal defenses (Gom-bart et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2010).
Magnesium (from PDF)
Magnesium plays a pivotal role in immune system function regulation by strongly affecting immunoglobulin production, immunoglobulin M (IgM) lymphocyte binding, immune cell adhesion, T helper-B cell adherence, antibody-dependent cytolysis, and response of macrophages to lymphokines (Liang et al. 2012). Its role in an immune response against viral infections has been reported (Chaigne-Delalande et al. 2013). Magnesium plays a key role both in physiology and pathology. Newly, it has been hypothesized that its low level may favor the transition from mild to critical clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Decreased NK and T-cell cytotoxicity because of magnesium deficiency may illuminate the vulnerability of elder, hypertensive, obese, and diabetic patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection (Faa et al. 2021). Furthermore, its deficiency upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine creation in monocytes and raises NFkB expression (Fanni et al. 2020).
Despite the nonexistence of controlled trials, magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in COVID-19-suf-fering patients should be encouraged. This may be valuable in all phases of the COVID-19. It is very well known that magnesium is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions in human cells. Its level may explain an increased risk of severe COVID-19 (Fanni et al. 2020).
A combined oral treatment of older COVID-19 patients with magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 reduced the percentage of patients needing oxygen and ICU support (Tan et al. 2020a, b).
An observational cohort study was executed for evaluating the combined effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in older subjects (> 50 years) with COVID-19. Eighteen subjects received DMB already onset of primary outcome and 26 subjects did not. Fewer treated subjects than controls needed beginning of oxygen therapy amid hospitalization (17.6 vs 61.5%, p = 0.006) (Tan et al. 2020a, b).
References (from PDF)
- Abbas AM, Mostafa AS (2020) Use of iron chelators to reduce the severity of COVID-19. Thromb Haemost 4:1042
- Agovino M, Cerciello M, Gatto A (2018) Policy efficiency in the field of food sustainability. The adjusted food agriculture and nutrition index. J Environ Manage 15(218):220-233. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.058
- Aldwihi LA, Khan SI, Alamri FF (2021) Patients’ behavior regarding dietary or herbal supplements before and during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(10):5086. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105086
- Al-Khalifa AS, Dawood AA (1993) Effects of cooking methods on thiamin and riboflavin contents of chicken meat. Food Chem 48(1):69-74
- Arabi YM, Fowler R, Hayden FG (2020) Critical care management of adults with community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection. Intensive Care Med 46(2):315-328
- Autier P, Mullie P, Macacu A, Dragomir M, Boniol M, Coppens K et al (2017) Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomized trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5:986-1004
- Baez-Santos YM, St John SE, Mesecar AD (2015) The SARS-coro-navirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res 115:21-38
- Banchini F, Vallisa D, Maniscalco P, Capelli P (2020) Iron overload and hepcidin overexpression could play a key role in COVID infection, and may explain vulnerability in elderly, diabetics, and obese. Acta Biomed 91. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm. v91i3.9826
- Baqui AH, Zaman K, Persson LA, El Arifeen S, Yunus M, Begum N et al (2003) Simultaneous weekly supplementation of iron and zinc is associated with lower morbidity due to diarrhea andacute lower respiratory infection in Bangladeshi infants. J Nutr 133(12):4150-4157
- Basil MC, Levy BD (2016) Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 16:51-67
- Beigmohammadi MT, Bitarafan S, Hoseindokht A, Abdollahi A, Amoozadeh L, Mahmoodi Ali Abadi M, Foroumandi M (2020) Impact of vitamins A, B, C, D, and E supplementation on improvement and mortality rate in ICU patients with coronavirus-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 21(1):614. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13063-020-04547-0
- Bhutta Z (1999) Protein: digestibility and availability. In: Sadler M, Strain J, Caballero B (eds) Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1646-1656
- Biesalski HK, Nohr D (2009) The nutritional quality of meat. In: Kerry JP, Ledward D (eds) Improving the sensory and nutritional quality of fresh meat, 1st edn. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, England, Cambridge
- Biesalski HK (2005) Meat as a component of a healthy diet - are there any risks or benefits if meat is avoided in the diet? Meat Sci 70:509-524
- Borenstein B (1981) vitamins and amino acids. In: Furia T (ed) Handbook of Food Additives, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 85-114
- Bou R, Guardiola F, Barroeta AC, Codony R (2005) Effect of dietary fat sources and zinc and selenium supplements on the composition and consumer acceptability of chicken meat. Poult Sci 84:1129-1140
- Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B (2006) Is taurine a functional nutrient? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9:728-733
- Brenna JT (2002) Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:127-132
- Brooks WA, Santosham M, Naheed A, Goswami D, Wahed MA, Diener-West M et al (2005) Effect of weekly zinc supplements on incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years in an urban, low-income population in Bangladesh: randomized controlled trial. Lancet 366:999-1004
- Caccialanza R, Laviano A, Lobascio F, Montagna E, Bruno R, Ludovisi S et al (2020) Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol. Nutrition 74:110835
- Calder PC (2001) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity. Lipids 36:1007-1024
- Calder PC (2006) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clinical Nutr 83:1505S-1519S
- Calder PC (2012) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?: omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 75:645-662 Calder PC (2013) Feeding the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc 72:299-309
- Calder PC (2020) Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 3:74-92
- Calder PCC, Gombart AF, Eggersdorfer M (2020) Optimal nutritional status for a well-functioning immune system is an important factor to protect against viral infections. Nutrients 12(4):1181
- Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC, Holick MF, Grant WB, Madronich S, Garland CF et al (2006) Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 134:1129-1140
- Carr AC (2020) A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Crit Care 24:133 Carr AC, Maggini S (2017) vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 9:1211
- Chaigne-Delalande B, Li F-Y, O’Connor GM, Lukacs MJ, Jiang P, Zheng L et al (2013) Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D. Science 341(6142):186e91
- Chakurkar V, Rajapurkar M, Lele S, Mukhopadhyay B, Lobo V, Inja-rapu R, Sheikh M, Dholu B, Ghosh A, Jha V (2021) Increased serum catalytic iron may mediate tissue injury and death in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 11(1):19618. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-021-99142-x
- Chan W, Brown J, Lee S, Buss DH (1995) Meat, poultry and game. Fifth supplement to Mccance & Widdowson’s the composition of foods. London: The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food 40:161.
- Charan J, Goyal JP, Saxena D, Yadav P (2012) vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3:300-303
- Chen Y, Chen W, Zhou J, Sun C, Lei Y (2021) Large pulmonary cavity in COVID-19 cured patient case report. Ann Palliat Med 9:5786-5791. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-452
- Cingolani V (2021) Hypothesis of zinc ascorbate as best zinc ionophore for raising antiviral resistance against Covid-19. J Med Virol 93(9):5205-5208. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26989
- Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Dalamitros AA, Nikolaidis PA, Hormeño-Holgado A, Tornero-Aguilera JF (2021) Nutrition in the actual COVID-19 pandemic. A narrative review. Nutrients 13(6):1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu130 61924
- Coquette A, Vray B, Vanderpas J (1986) Role of vitamin E in the protection of the resident macrophage membrane against oxidative damage. Arch Int Physiol Biochem 94:S29-S34
- Decker EA, Park Y (2010) Healthier meat products as functional foods. Meat Sci 86:49-55
- Ding H, Deng W, Ding L, Ye X, Yin S, Huang W (2020) Glycyrrhet-inic acid and its derivatives as potential alternative medicine to relieve symptoms in nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 92:2200-2204. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26064
- Dokoupilová A, Marounek M, Skrivanová V, Brezina P (2007) Selenium content in tissues and meat quality in rabbits fed selenium yeast. Czech J Animal Sci 52:165-169
- Dragnes BT, Larsen R, Ernstsen MH, Maehre H, Elvevoll EO (2009) Impact of processing on the taurine content in processed seafood and their corresponding unprocessed raw materials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 60:143-152 Springer Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Dushianthan A, Cusack R, Burgess VA, Grocott MP, Calder PC (2019) Immunonutrition for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):CD012041 EFSA Nda Panel (EFSA Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies) (2015) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin E as a-tocopherol. EFSA J 13:4149
- El-Senousey HK, Chen B, Wang JY, Atta AM, Mohamed FR, Nie QH (2018) Effects of dietary vitamin C, vitamin E, and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the antioxidant defense system and immune-related gene expression in broilers exposed to oxidative stress by dexamethasone. Poult Sci 97(1):30-38
- Esteve MJ, Farré R, Frîgola A, Pilamunga C (2002) Contents of vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 in pork and meat products. Meat Sci 62:73-78
- EU 2020. EU Register on Nutrition and Health Claims. 2020. https:// ec.europa.eu/food/safety/labelling_nutrition/claims/register/publi c/?event=search. Accessed 5th March, 2020).
- Faa G, Saba L, Fanni D, Kalcev G, Carta M (2021) Association between hypomagnesemia, covid-19, respiratory tract and lung disease. Open Respir Med J 15:43-45. https://doi.org/10.2174/ 1874306402115010043
- Fan X, Liu S, Liu G, Zhao J, Jiao H, Wang X et al (2015) vitamin A deficiency impairs mucin expression and suppresses the mucosal immune function of the respiratory tract in chicks. PLoS One 10(9):e0139131
- Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nurchi VM, Manchia M, Saba L, Coghe F, Crisponi G, Gibo Y, Van Eyken P, Fanos V, Faa G (2020) The role of magnesium in pregnancy and in fetal programming of adult diseases. Biological Trace Element Res. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s 12011-020-02513-0
- Fernândez-Quintela A, Milton-Laskibar I, Trepiana J, Gomez-Zorita S, Kajarabille N, Leniz A, Gonzalez M, Portillo MP (2020) Key aspects in nutritional management of COVID-19 patients. J Clinc Medicine 9:2589
- Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2002) Food Standards Code, vol 2. Information Australia, Canberra
- Fox TE, Van den Heuvel E, Atherton CA, Dainty JR, Lewis DJ, Langford NJ et al (2004) Bioavailability of selenium from fish, yeast and selenate: a comparative study in humans using stable isotopes. Eur J Clin Nutr 58:343-349
- Gao Y, Zhang H, Luo L, Lin J, Li D, Zheng S et al (2017) Resolvin D1 improves the resolution of inflammation via activating NF-B p50/ p50-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Immunol 199:2043-2054
- Gleeson M (2013) Exercise, nutrition and immunity. In: Calder PC, Yaqoob P (eds) Diet, Immunity and Inflammation. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 652-685
- Gleeson M, Nieman DC, Pedersen BK (2004) Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sports Sci 22:115-125 Gombart AF (2009) The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiol 4:1151-1165
- Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP (2005) Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J 19:1067-1077
- Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S (2014) The immune system in children with malnutrition—a systematic review. PLoS One 9(8):e105017
- Gozzi-Silva SC, Teixeira FME, Duarte AJDS, Sato MN, Oliveira LM (2021) Immunomodulatory role of nutrients: how can pulmonary dysfunctions improve? Front Nutr 8:674258. https://doi.org/10. 3389/fnut.2021.674258
- Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP (2020) Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 12:988
- Greiller C, Martineau A (2015) Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 7:4240-4270 *Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L (2019) Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients 11:2101
- Habib HM, Ibrahim S, Zaim A, Ibrahim WH (2021) The role of iron in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible treatment with lactoferrin and other iron chelators. Biomed Pharmacother 136:111228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111228
- Haddad EH, Berk LS, Kettering JD, Hubbard RW, Peters WR (1999) Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic, and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 70(1):S586-S593
- Hallberg L, Hulthen L (2000) Prediction of dietary iron absorption: An algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1147-1160
- Han YS, Chang GG, Juo CG, Lee HJ, Yeh SH, Hsu JT et al (2005) Papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV): expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition. Biochem 44:10349-10359 Hemila H (1997) vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 16:836-847
- Hemila H (2003) vitamin C and SARS coronavirus. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:1049-1050
- Hemila H (2017) vitamin C and infections. Nutrients 9:339 Hemila H, Chalker E (2013) vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD000980
- Hemila H, Chalker E (2019) vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 11:E708 Hemila H, Chalker E (2020) vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis. J Intensive Care 8:15
- Hemila H, Douglas RM (1999) vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3:756-761
- Hemila H, Louhiala P (2013) vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD005532
- Hernández P, Dalle Zotte A (2010) Influence of diet on rabbit meat quality. pp 163- 178. In: de Blas C (ed) Nutrition of the rabbit. Univesidad Poletenica, Madrid, J. Wiseman, University of Nottingham, UK
- Hess SY, Lonnerdal B, Hotz C, Rivera JA, Brown KH (2009) Recent advances in knowledge of zinc nutrition and human health. Food Nutr Bull 30:S5-S11
- Hiedra R, Lo KB, Elbashabsheh M, Gul F, Wright RM, Albano J, Azmaiparashvili Z, Patarroyo Aponte G (2020) The use of i/v vitamin C for patients with COVID-19: a single center observational study. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 18:1259-1261. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1794819
- Holick MF (2008) The vitamin D deficiency pandemic and consequences for nonskeletal health: Mechanisms of action. Mol Aspects Med 29:361-368
- Holland B, Brown J, Bush DH (1993) Fish and fish products. In: The fifth supplement of McCance and Widdowson’s, the composition of foods. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge/London
- Hopkins RG, Failla ML (1997) Copper deficiency reduces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and IL-2 mRNA in human T-lymphocytes. J Nutr 127:257-262
- Howe P, Meyer B, Record S, Baghurst K (2006) Dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Contribution of meat sources. Nutr 22:47-53
- Huxtable RJ (1992) Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol Rev 72:101-163
- Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L (2020) The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res 32:1195-1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40520-020-01570-8
- Jacob RA, Kelley DS, Pianalto FS, Swendseid ME, Henning SM, Zhang JZ, Ames BN, Fraga CG, Peters JH (1991) Immuno-competence and oxidant defense during ascorbate depletion of healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 54:1302S-1309S
- Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ (2013) Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 74(10):1353-1062
- Jollie DA, Griths CJ, Martineau AR (2013) vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 136:321-329
- Jose N, Elangovan AV, Awachat VB, Shet D, Ghosh J, David CG (2017) Response of in ovo administration of zinc on egg hatch-ability and immune response of commercial broiler chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (berl) 102(2):591-595
- Juniper DT, Phipps RH, Ramos-Morales E, Bertin G (2008) Effect of dietary supplementation with selenium-enriched yeast or sodium selenite on selenium tissue distribution and meat quality in beef cattle. J Animal Sci 86(11):3100-3109
- Kajanachumpol S, Srisurapanon S, Supanit I, Roongpisuthipong C, Apibal S (1995) Effect of zinc supplementation on zinc status, copper status and cellular immunity in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai 78:344-349
- Kataoka H, Ohnishi N (1986) Occurrence of taurine in plants. Agric Biol Chem Tokyo 50:1887-1898
- Khodavirdipour A (2021) Inclusion of Cephalexin in COVID-19 treatment combinations may prevent lung involvement in mild infections: a case report with pharmacological genomics perspective. Glob Med Genet 8(2):78-81. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726461
- Khodour Y, Kaguni LS, Stiban J (2019) Iron-sulfur clusters in nucleic acid metabolism: varying roles of ancient cofactors. Enzymes 45:225-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2019.08.003
- Kinoshita M, Kayama H, Kusu T, Yamaguchi T, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H et al (2012) Dietary folic acid promotes survival of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the colon. J Immunol 189:2869-2878
- Konieczka P, Czauderna M, Smulikowska S (2017) The enrichment of chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acids by dietary fish oil or its mixture with rapeseed or flaxseed - effect of feeding duration. Animal Feed Sci Technol 223:42-52
- Kunisawa J, Kiyono H (2013) vitamin-mediated regulation of intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 4:189
LARN (1996) Livelli di Assunzione Raccomandati di Energia e Nutrienti per la Popolazione Italiana. SINU, Rome, pp 1-185
- Larsen L, Eilertsen K, Elvevoll EO (2011) Health benefits of marine foods and ingredients. Biotechnol Adv 29:508-518
- Lee C, Lee JM, Lee NR, Jin BS, Jang KJ, Kim DE, Jeong YJ, Chong Y (2009) Aryl diketoacids (ADK) selectively inhibit duplex DNA-unwinding activity of SARS coronavirus NTPase/heli-case. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19(6):1636-1638. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.010
- Li C, Li Y, Ding C (2019) The role of copper homeostasis at the host-pathogen Axis: from bacteria to fungi. Int J Mol Sci 20(1):175 Li P, Yin YL, Li D, Kim SW, Wu G (2007) Amino acids and immune function. Br J Nutr 98(2):237-252
- Liang RY, Wu W, Huang J, Jiang SP, Lin Y (2012) magnesium affects the cytokine secretion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes in acute asthma. J Asthma 49(10):1012-1015
- Liu W, Zhang S, Nekhai S, Liu S (2020) Depriving Iron supply to the virus represents a promising adjuvant therapeutic against viral survival. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 20:1-7. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s40588-020-00140-w
- Lomax AR, Calder PC (2009) Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence. Br J Nutr 101:633-658
- Lombardi-Boccia G, Lanzi S, Aguzzi A (2005) Aspects of meat quality: trace elements and B vitamins in raw and cooked meats. J Food Compost Anal 18(1):39-46
- Lombardi-Boccia G, Martinez-Dominguez B, Aguzzi A (2002) Total heme and non heme iron in raw and cooked meats. J Food Sci 67(5):1738-1741
- Maggini S, Pierre A, Calder PC (2018) Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course. Nutrients 10(10):1-10
- Maggini S, Wenzlaff S, Hornig D (2010) Essential role of vitamin C and zinc in child immunity and health. J Int Med Res 38:386-414
- Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH (2007) Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr 98(1):S29-S35
- Marmer W, Maxwell R, Williams J (1984) Effects of dietary regimen and tissue site on bovine fatty acid profiles. J Anim Sci 59(1):109-121
- Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF et al (2017) vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 356:i6583. https://doi.org/10. 1136/bmj.i6583
- McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ (2020) Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 63(3):383-385
- Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033-1034
- Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, Vinker S, Golan Cohen A, Green I, Frenkel-Morgenstern M (2020) Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J 287:36933602. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs. 15495
- Meydani SN, Han SN, Wu D (2005) vitamin E and immune response in the aged: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Immunol Rev 205:269-284
- Meydani SN, Leka LS, Fine BC, Dallal GE, Keusch GT, Singh F et al (2004) vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292:828-836
- Mocchegiani E, Giacconi R, Muzzioli M, Cipriano C et al (2000) zinc, infections and immunosenescence. Mech Ageing Dev 121:21-35
- Mocchegiani E, Muzzioli M, Gaetti R, Veccia S, Viticchi C, Scalise G (1999) Contribution of zinc to reduce CD4+ risk factor for “severe” infection relapse in aging: Parallelism with HIV. Int J Immunopharmacol 21:271-281
- Mora JR, von Andrian UH (2006) T-cell homing specificity and plasticity: new concepts and future challenges. Trends Immunol 27:235-243
- Munoz C, Rios E, Olivos J, Brunser O, Olivares M (2007) Iron, copper and immunocompetence. Br J Nutr 98(1):S24-S38
- Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, Elshazli RM, Jardak C, Sultana N et al (2020) vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 93(2):733-740. https:// doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26360
- Murni IK, Prawirohartono EP, Triasih R (2021) Potential role of vitamins and zinc on acute respiratory infections including COVID-19. Glob Pediatr Health 8:2333794X211021739. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/2333794X211021739
- Muscogiuri G, Altieri B, Annweiler C, Balercia G, Pal B, Boucher J et al (2017) vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art. Arch Toxicol 91:97-107
- National Health and Medical Research Council (2006) Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand including recommended dietary intakes. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra
- Norman AW (2008) From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr 88:491S-499S
- Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H (2008) Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (warsz) 56:15-30
- Ovesen L, Brot C, Jakobsen J (2003) Food contents and biological activity of 25- hydroxyvitamin D: a vitamin D metabolite to be reckoned with? Ann Nutr Metab 47:107-113
- Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D (2012) The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis 3:91-129
- Pan S, Zhang K, Ding X, Wang J, *Peng H, Zeng Q, Xuan Y, Su Z, Wu B, Bai S (2018) Effect of high dietary manganese on the immune responses of broilers following oral Salmonella typhimurium inoculation. Biol Trace Elem Res 181(2):347-360
- Pedersen SF, Ho YC (2020) SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging. J Clin Investig 130(5):2202-2205
- Percival SS (1998) Copper and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 67:1064S-1078S
- Perricone C, Bartoloni E, Bursi R, Cafaro G, Guidelli GM, Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R (2020) COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy. Immunol Res 68(4):213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-020-09145-5
- Prasad A, Fitzgerald J T, Hess JW, Kaplan J, Pelen F, Dardenne M (1993) zinc deficiency in elderly patients. Nutrition:218-224 Prasad AS (2008) zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med 14:353-357
- Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH (2000) Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 133:245-252. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00006
- Purchas R, Rutherfurd S, Pearce P, Vather R, Wilkinson BHP (2004) Concentrations in beef and lamb of taurine, carnosine, coenzyme Q10, and creatine. Meat Sci 66:629-637
- Purohit D, Pandey P, Makhija M, Manchanda D, Rathi J, Kumar D, Verma R, Jalwal P, Mittal V, Kaushik D (2020a) Correlation of risk perception with the COVID-19 related knowledge and preventive measures: a study on Indian pharmacy students. Int J Curr Res Rev 13(3):113-119
- Purohit D, Saini M, Pathak N, Verma R, Kaushik D, Katiyar P, Jalwal P, Pandey P (2020b) COVID-19 ‘The pandemic’: an update on the present status of the outbreak and possible treatment options. Biomed Pharmacol J 13(4):1791-1807
- Rahaa S, Mallickb R, Basakc S, Duttaroy KA (2020) Is copper beneficial for COVID-19 patients? Med Hypotheses 142:109814 *Ralston NVC (2008) Selenium health benefit values as seafood safety criteria. EcoHealth 5:442-455
- Rayman MP (2012) Selenium and human health. Lancet 379(9822):1256-1268
- Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G (2019) The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr 10(4):696-710
- Reber E, Gomes F, Vasiloglou MF, Schuetz P, Stanga Z (2019) Nutritional risk screening and assessment. J Clin Med 8(7):1065
- Reilly C (1998) Selenium: a new entrant into the functional food arena.Trends Food Sci Technol 9:114-118
- Ribeiro T, Lordelo MM, Alves SP, Bessa RJ, Costa P, Lemos JP, Ferreira LM, Fontes CM, Prates JA (2013) Direct supplementation of diet is the most efficient way of enriching broiler meat with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Br Poult Sci 54:753-765
- Riediger ND, Othman RA, Suh M, Moghadasian MH (2009) A systemic review of the roles of n- 3 fatty acids in health and disease. J Am Diet Assoc 109:668-679
- Romeo AM, Christen L, Niles EG, Kosman DJ (2001) Intracellular chelation of iron by bipyridyl inhibits DNA virus replication: ribonucleotide reductase maturation as a probe of intracellular iron pools. J Biol Chem 276:24301-24308. https://doi.org/10. 1074/jbc.M010806200
- Rytter MJ, Kolte L, Briend A, Friis H, Christensen VB (2020) A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 12(1):236. https://doi. org/10.3390/nu12010236
- Sakaguchi S, Wing K, Onishi Y, Prieto-Martin P, Yamaguchi T (2009) Regulatory T cells: how do they suppress immune responses? Int Immunol 21:1105-1111
- Schaafsma G (2000) The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. J Nutr 130:1865S-1867S
- Schloerb PR (2001) Immune-enhancing diets: products, components, and their rationales. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25(2):S3-S7. https://doi.org/10.1177/014860710102500202
- Shankar AH, Prasad AS (1998) zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 6:447S-463S
- Simpson RJ, McKie AT (2009) Regulation of intestinal iron absorption: the mucosa takes control? Cell Metab 10(2):84-87
- Sinclair A, Mann N, O’Connell S (1999) The nutrient composition of Australian beef and lamb. RMIT, Melbourne
- Sinclair A, O’Dea K (1987) The lipid levels and fatty acid compositions of the lean portions of Australian beef and lamb. Food Technol Aust 39:228-231
- Smith AD, Panickar KS, Urban JF, Dawson HD (2018) Impact of micronutrients on the immune response of animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 6:227-254
- Spitze AR, Wong DL, Rogers QR, Fascetti AJ (2003) Taurine concentrations in animal feed ingredients; cooking influences taurine content. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 87:251-262
- Tacon AGJ, Metian M (2013) Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply. Rev Fisher Sci 21:22-38
- Tan CW, Ho LP, Kalimuddin S, Cherng BPZ (2020) A cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination vitamin D, magnesium and vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVIDS-19 patients. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06. 01.20112334
- Tan CW, Ho LP, Kalimuddin S, Cherng BPZ, Teh YE, Thien SY, Wong HM, Tern PJW, Chandran M, Chay JWM, Nagarajan C, Sultana R, Low JGH, Ng HJ (2020b) Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Nutrition 79-80:111017. https://doi.org/10.1016/)'. nut.2020.111017
- Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM (2019) The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol 29:e2032
- USDA (2011) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. Accessed 22nd December, 2020
- Valdés-Ramos R, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Aranda-González II, Guadarrama AL, Pardo-Morales RV, Tlatempa P et al (2010) Diet, exercise and gut mucosal immunity. Proc Nutr Soc 69:644-650
- Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN et al (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV- 1. N Engl J Med 382(16):1564-1656
- Walker CF, Black RE (2004) zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr 24:255-275
- Wang JZ, Zhang RY, Bai J (2020) An anti-oxidative therapy for ameliorating cardiac injuries of critically ill COVID-19-infected patients. Int J Cardiol 312:137-138
- Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, Bitton AJ, Soualhine H, Tavera-Mendoza LE et al (2010) Direct and indirect induction by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of the NOD2/CARD15-defensin ß2m innate immune pathway defective in Crohn disease. J Biol Chem 285:2227-2231
- Waqas Khan HM, Parikh N, Megala SM, Predeteanu GS (2020) Unusual early recovery of a critical COVID-19 patient after administration of intravenous vitamin C. Am J Case Rep 21:1-6
- Watanabe F, Katsura H, Takenaka S, Enomoto T, Miyamoto E, Nakat-suka T, Nakano Y (2001) Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds from edible shellfish, clam, oyster, and mussel. Int J Food Sci Nutr 52:263-268
- WHO 2020a. World Health Organization. Off-label use of medicines for COVID-19 (2020a). https://www.who.int/newsroom/comme ntaries/detail/o-label-use-of-medicines-for-covid-19. Accessed 22nd December, 2020a
- WHO 2020a. World Health Organization. Coronavirus. 2020b. https:// www.who.int/healthtopics/coronavirus. Accessed 22nd December, 2020b
- Williams P (2007a) Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutr Dietetics 64:S113-S119
- Williams P (2007b) Section 2: key nutrients delivered by red meat in the diet. Nutr Dietetics 64(4):S113-S119
- Williams P, Droulez V, Levy G, Stobaus T (2007) Composition of Australian red meat 2002. 3. Nutrient profile. Food Aust 59:331-341
- Wojcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y (2010) The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 208:19-25
- Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI et al (2008) Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Sci 78:343-358
- Wu D, Lewis ED, Pae M, Meydani SN (2019) Nutritional modulation of immune function: analysis of evidence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Front Immunol 15(9):3160
- Wu JZ, Zha P (2020) Treatment strategies for reducing damages to lungs in patients with coronavirus and other infections. Preprints 2020020116
- Wyness L, Weichselbaum E, O’Connor A, Williams EB, Benelam B, Riley H, Stanner S (2011) Red meat in the diet: an update. Nutr Bulletin 36:34-77
- Xu F, Wen Y, Hu X, Wang T, Chen G (2021) The potential use of vitamin C to prevent kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. Diseases 9(3):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9030046
- Yao JS, Paguio JA, Dee EC, Tan HC, Moulick A, Milazzo C, Jurado J, Della Penna N, Celi LA (2020) The minimal effect of zinc on the survival of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an observational study. Chest 59(1):108-111. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj. chest.2020.06.082
- Yaqoob P (2017) Ageing alters the impact of nutrition on immune function. Proc Nutr Soc 76:347-351
- Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A (2020) COVID-19: the inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation a review. Nutrients 12:1466
- Zhang HW, Wang Q, Mei HX, Zheng SX, Ali AM, Wu QX et al (2019) RvD1 ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the suppression of neutrophil infiltration by reducing CXCL2 expression and release from resident alveolar macrophages. Int Immunop-harmacol 76:105877
- Zhang W, Xiao S, Samaraweera H, Lee EJ, Ahn DU (2010) Improving functional value of meat products. A review. Meat Sci 86:15-31
- Zhao B, Ling Y, Li J, Peng Y, Huang J, Wang Y, Qu H, Gao Y et al (2020) Beneficial aspects of high dose intravenous vitamin C on patients with covid-19 pneumonia in severe condition: a retrospective case series study. Ann Palliat Med 9:1-11. https://doi. org/10.21037/apm-20-1387
- Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X (2020) COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nature Rev Cardiol 17:259-260*
VitaminDWiki – COVID-19 treated by Vitamin D - studies, reports, videos
As of March 31, 2024, the VitaminDWiki COVID page had: trial results, meta-analyses and reviews, Mortality studies see related: Governments, HealthProblems, Hospitals, Dark Skins, All 26 COVID risk factors are associated with low Vit D, Fight COVID-19 with 50K Vit D weekly Vaccines Take lots of Vitamin D at first signs of COVID 166 COVID Clinical Trials using Vitamin D (Aug 2023) Prevent a COVID death: 9 dollars of Vitamin D or 900,000 dollars of vaccine - Aug 2023
5 most-recently changed Virus entries
VitaminDWiki - Virus with Zinc (
33 studies) This list is automatically updated
- COVID was associated with low Vitamin D or Zinc – umbrella review Feb 2023
- 23 COVID mitigation strategies: at least 6 of which increase Vitamin D in cells - Sept 2022
- COVID and Zinc - many studies
- Surviving COVID with vitamins and minerals is not a myth – June 2022
- Vitamin D, Zinc, Magnesium etc. are needed to fight COVID – April 2022
- How vitamins D, C, Zinc, and Selenium might fight COVID - Dec 2021
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- COVID-19 decreased risk if add Vitamin D, A, C, NAC, Se, Zn, or Omega-3 – Dec 2021
- COVID-19 patients had low levels of Zinc, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Vitamin C – Sept 2021
- COVID-19 risk reduced 4X by each of: Vitamin D, Omega-3, Curcumin, Zinc (each increases D in cells)
- Vitamin D, C, A, and E, as well as Iron, Se, and Zinc each augment vaccine response – July 2021
- How Vitamin D, Magnesium, Omega-3 and Zinc prevent and treat COVID-19 etc. – June 2021
- COVID-19 treatment outside of hospital – Vitamin D, zinc, etc. – May 2021
- Important Role of Micronutrients during COVID-19 (Zinc, Vitamin D, C, Folate) – May 5, 2021
- Many supplements appear to fight COVID-19 – vitamin D cited 52 times – May 2021
- Zinc therapy for COVID-19 – Feb 2021
- COVID-19 alternative treatments - real-time database
- Overview of reviews of COVID-19 and vitamin D, etc. – April 2021
- COVID-19 what it is, prevention by Functional Nutrition doctor - Feb 2021
- Vitamin D, Zinc, etc. look promising for COVID-19 (Holick) - Jan 25, 2021
- Less than 10 dollars of Vitamin D per COVID-19 life saved in Myanmar - Jan 2021
- Micronutrients for COVID-19: Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Zinc, Se, etc. - Dec 2020
- Zinc (which increases vitamin D in tissues) may both prevent and treat COVID-19
- COVID-19 possible therapies: Vitamin D, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin C, Potassium, Resveratrol , etc.– Aug 5, 2020
- 7 reasons to think that Zinc should fight COVID-19 – July 2020
- Observations that Vitamin D, Zinc, and Selenium separately reduce COVID-19 – Aug 7, 2020
- Mild COVID-19 quickly treated by Zinc lozenges in 4 people – June 6, 2020
- Zinc, respiratory tract infections and COVID-19 – July 2020
- Fight COVID-19 with Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, Selenium, Resveratrol, etc. - Sardi May 12, 2020
- Common cold prevented and treated by Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea – review April 2018
- Loss of smell may be related to low Zinc or perhaps low vitamin D
- Dengue fever immune response and micronutrients (vitamins D, E, A, and Zinc, Iron, Chromium) – Nov 2015
- Overview Colds and flu and Vitamin D
VitaminDWiki - Virus with Magnesium (
26 studies) This list is automatically updated
- Long-COVID 3.1 X more likely if insufficient amounts of Magnesium and Vitamin D – March 2024
- COVID appears to be treated by many antioxidants (Vitamins D, C, E, K, and Quercetin, Curcumin, etc) – Jan 2023
- Fatigue and other long-haul problems appear to be associated with low Magnesium - Chambers Oct 2022
- Low Magnesium associated with severe COVID – many studies
- COVID and Magnesium - hypothesis, clinical trials, Long-Haul - Oct 2021
- COVID treatment patent applied for - using Rutin, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Magnesium, etc. – April 2022
- COVID death 6.9X less likely if high Magnesium to Calcium ratio – April 2022
- Hypothesis: 2 long-haul COVIDs: had mild symptoms and had needed ICU - April 2022
- Excess Magnesium is bad for health (COVID hospital days in this case) – April 2022
- Vitamin D, Zinc, Magnesium etc. are needed to fight COVID – April 2022
- Long Covid, Short Magnesium - Chambers April 2022
- Lower Magnesium, 6 percent more COVID - Feb 2022
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- How Vitamin D, Magnesium, Omega-3 and Zinc prevent and treat COVID-19 etc. – June 2021
- Elderly nutrition and COVID-19 – systematic review July 2021
- Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People - Jan 2021
- COVID-19 Cytokine storms attenuated by Vitamin D, Omega-3, Mg, Resveratrol, etc – April 2021
- 6X less risk of COVID-19 ICU if Vitamin D and Vit B12 and Mg – Jan 2021
- Cytokine storms (COVID-19, etc.) eliminated by Vitamin D (Magnesium helps)
- Magnesium and Vitamin D deficiencies associated with worse COVID-19 – Jan, 2021
- Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020
- Magnesium (which increases vitamin D) may fight COVID-19 - Oct 2020
- COVID-19 1.8 X more likely if proton pump inhibitor (decreases Mg and Vitamin D) – Aug 2020
- COVID-19 might be treated with Mg IV and Potassium – July 2020
- COVID-19 prompts awareness of deficiencies of Vitamin D, C and Magnesium - April 6 2020
- Obesity pandemic since 1975 - is it due to Vitamin D, Magnesium, Iodine, adenovirus, or what
VitaminDWiki - Virus with Vitamin C (
25 studies) This list is automatically updated
- COVID appears to be treated by many antioxidants (Vitamins D, C, E, K, and Quercetin, Curcumin, etc) – Jan 2023
- COVID fought by the antioxidants: Vitamin D, Zinc, Vitamin C, and Selenium – Review Sept 2022
- COVID worse if lower Vitamin C, but not Vitamin D in this study – Aug 2022
- Surviving COVID with vitamins and minerals is not a myth – June 2022
- COVID treatment patent applied for - using Rutin, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Magnesium, etc. – April 2022
- How vitamins A, B, C, D, E, F (Omega), K fight COVID - Feb 2022
- How vitamins D, C, Zinc, and Selenium might fight COVID - Dec 2021
- Vitamin C helps COVID-19 (IV and oral) – review of 12 studies Oct 2021
- COVID-19 decreased risk if add Vitamin D, A, C, NAC, Se, Zn, or Omega-3 – Dec 2021
- COVID-19 patients had low levels of Zinc, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Vitamin C – Sept 2021
- Vitamin D, C, A, and E, as well as Iron, Se, and Zinc each augment vaccine response – July 2021
- COVID-19 treatment outside of hospital – Vitamin D, zinc, etc. – May 2021
- Important Role of Micronutrients during COVID-19 (Zinc, Vitamin D, C, Folate) – May 5, 2021
- Many supplements appear to fight COVID-19 – vitamin D cited 52 times – May 2021
- Overview of reviews of COVID-19 and vitamin D, etc. – April 2021
- Less than 10 dollars of Vitamin D per COVID-19 life saved in Myanmar - Jan 2021
- Micronutrients for COVID-19: Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Zinc, Se, etc. - Dec 2020
- Vitamin C may treat COVID-19 (several studies)
- For COVID-19: Vitamin C use might cause kidney stones, but Vitamin D will not– Aug 8, 2020
- COVID-19 possible therapies: Vitamin D, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin C, Potassium, Resveratrol , etc.– Aug 5, 2020
- Vitamin C IV, which treats Sepsis, also treats COVID-19 - May 2020
- Does vitamin D (and C) help with Covid-19 - May 2020
- Fight COVID-19 with Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, Selenium, Resveratrol, etc. - Sardi May 12, 2020
- COVID-19 prompts awareness of deficiencies of Vitamin D, C and Magnesium - April 6 2020
- Common cold prevented and treated by Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea – review April 2018
Vitamin D, Zinc, Magnesium etc. are needed to fight COVID – April 20224089 visitors, last modified 09 Apr, 2022, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)Attached files
ID Name Uploaded Size Downloads 17369 Barriers.jpg admin 09 Apr, 2022 65.54 Kb 577 17368 Immunoboosting.jpg admin 09 Apr, 2022 195.59 Kb 509 17367 immunoboosting potential of macro and micronutrients in COVID.pdf admin 09 Apr, 2022 1.99 Mb 202 - VitaminDWiki - Virus with Magnesium (