Attenuating the Effects of Novel COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection-Induced Cytokine Storm and the Implications
Journal of Inflammation Research 2021:14 1487-1510 http://doi.org/I0.2l47/JIR.S30l784
Adekunle Babajide Rowaiye, e Okiemute Ajiroghene Okpalefe,©2 Olukemi Onuh Adejoke,©3 Joyce Oloaigbe Ogidigo,珍4 Oluwakemi Hannah Oladipo,®5 Amoge Chidinma Ogu,❿3 Angus Nnamdi Oli,❿1 Samson Olofinase,®2 Onyekachi Onyekwere,®6 Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar,©7 Dilshad Jahan, Salequllslam,@9 Siddhartha Dutta,®10 Mainul Haque®11
Table of Contents
CYTOKINE in VitaminDWiki 12 titles as of Aug 2021
Items in both categories Virus and Omega-3:
- How vitamins A, B, C, D, E, F (Omega), K fight COVID - Feb 2022
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- Omega-3 decreases heart disease and COVID: Harris and Patrick, video and transcript - Dec 2021
- COVID-19 decreased risk if add Vitamin D, A, C, NAC, Se, Zn, or Omega-3 – Dec 2021
- High-dose Omega-3 fought COVID in 2 hospital trials (6x reduction in ICU, reduced time) – Masterjohn Oct 2021
- COVID-19 risk reduced 4X by each of: Vitamin D, Omega-3, Curcumin, Zinc (each increases D in cells)
- Omega-3 reduces risk of COVID-19 - many studies
- How Vitamin D, Magnesium, Omega-3 and Zinc prevent and treat COVID-19 etc. – June 2021
- Many supplements appear to fight COVID-19 – vitamin D cited 52 times – May 2021
- COVID-19 Cytokine storms attenuated by Vitamin D, Omega-3, Mg, Resveratrol, etc – April 2021
- COVID-19 ICU survival rate increased 7X by daily Omega-3 – RCT March 2021
- 4X fewer COVID-19 deaths in those having high Omega-3 index – Jan 6, 2021
Items in both categories Virus and Magnesium:
- Long-COVID 3.1 X more likely if insufficient amounts of Magnesium and Vitamin D – March 2024
- COVID appears to be treated by many antioxidants (Vitamins D, C, E, K, and Quercetin, Curcumin, etc) – Jan 2023
- Fatigue and other long-haul problems appear to be associated with low Magnesium - Chambers Oct 2022
- Low Magnesium associated with severe COVID – many studies
- COVID and Magnesium - hypothesis, clinical trials, Long-Haul - Oct 2021
- COVID treatment patent applied for - using Rutin, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Magnesium, etc. – April 2022
- COVID death 6.9X less likely if high Magnesium to Calcium ratio – April 2022
- Hypothesis: 2 long-haul COVIDs: had mild symptoms and had needed ICU - April 2022
- Excess Magnesium is bad for health (COVID hospital days in this case) – April 2022
- Vitamin D, Zinc, Magnesium etc. are needed to fight COVID – April 2022
- Long Covid, Short Magnesium - Chambers April 2022
- Lower Magnesium, 6 percent more COVID - Feb 2022
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- How Vitamin D, Magnesium, Omega-3 and Zinc prevent and treat COVID-19 etc. – June 2021
- Elderly nutrition and COVID-19 – systematic review July 2021
- Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People - Jan 2021
- COVID-19 Cytokine storms attenuated by Vitamin D, Omega-3, Mg, Resveratrol, etc – April 2021
- 6X less risk of COVID-19 ICU if Vitamin D and Vit B12 and Mg – Jan 2021
- Cytokine storms (COVID-19, etc.) eliminated by Vitamin D (Magnesium helps)
- Magnesium and Vitamin D deficiencies associated with worse COVID-19 – Jan, 2021
- Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020
- Magnesium (which increases vitamin D) may fight COVID-19 - Oct 2020
- COVID-19 1.8 X more likely if proton pump inhibitor (decreases Mg and Vitamin D) – Aug 2020
- COVID-19 might be treated with Mg IV and Potassium – July 2020
- COVID-19 prompts awareness of deficiencies of Vitamin D, C and Magnesium - April 6 2020
- Obesity pandemic since 1975 - is it due to Vitamin D, Magnesium, Iodine, adenovirus, or what
Items in both categories Virus and Resveratrol:
- Nutritional supplementation during COVID hospitalization helped - RCT - Jan 2022
- COVID-19 appears reduced by Resveratrol plus 100K IU of vitamin D – Small RCT Sept 2021
- COVID-19 risk reduced 4X by each of: Vitamin D, Omega-3, Curcumin, Zinc (each increases D in cells)
- Many supplements appear to fight COVID-19 – vitamin D cited 52 times – May 2021
- COVID-19 Cytokine storms attenuated by Vitamin D, Omega-3, Mg, Resveratrol, etc – April 2021
- COVID-19 what it is, prevention by Functional Nutrition doctor - Feb 2021
- Vitamin D Receptor activation should reduce ARDS associated with COVID-19 - June 2020
- COVID-19 possible therapies: Vitamin D, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin C, Potassium, Resveratrol , etc.– Aug 5, 2020
- Fight COVID-19 with Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, Selenium, Resveratrol, etc. - Sardi May 12, 2020
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The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes an arduous global health challenge, and the increasing number of fatalities calls for the speedy pursuit of a remedy. This review emphasizes the changing aspects of the COVID-19 disease, featuring the cytokine storm5s pathological processes. Furthermore, we briefly reviewed potential therapeutic agents that may modulate and alleviate cytokine storms. The literature exploration was made using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Google scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases to retrieve the most recent literature on the etiology, diagnostic markers, and the possible prophylactic and therapeutic options for the management of cytokine storm in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 disease. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), continually threatens the efficiency of the immune system of the infected individuals. As the first responder, the innate immune system provides primary protection against COVID-19, affecting the disease’s progression, clinical outcome, and prognosis. Evidence suggests that the fatalities associated with COVID-19 are primarily due to hyper-inflammation and an aberrant immune function. Accordingly, the magnitude of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, (IL-6), and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-a) significantly differentiate between mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The early prediction of a cytokine storm is made possible by several serum chemistry and hematological markers. The prompt use of these markers for diagnosis and the aggressive prevention and management of a cytokine release syndrome is critical in determining the level of morbidity and fatality associated with COVID-19. The prophylaxis and the rapid treatment of cytokine storm by clinicians will significantly enhance the fight against the dreaded COVID-19 disease.