Can oral vitamin D prevent the cardiovascular diseases among migrants in Australia? Provider perspective using Markov modelling
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12399
Thilanga Ruwanpathirana1, Alice Owen1, Andre M.N. Renzaho2, Ella Zomer3, Manoj Gambhir4 and Christopher M. Reid1,*
Propose giving just 1,000 IU of vitamin D to Australian migrants
– what about the dark skinned natives?
Assuming complete compliance for 10,000 people for 10 years
Prevent 31 non-fatal cardiovascular events
Prevent 11 fatal cardiovascular events
See also VitaminDWIki
Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
Chance of death after heart failure reduced by 1000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2012
- Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
- Hypertension and vitamin D
- Overview Metabolic Syndrome and vitamin D
- Overview Stroke and vitamin D
- Peripheral arterial disease risk is 1.5X higher if low vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2018
- Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.7 X more likely in diabetics with low vitamin D – June 2019
- Heart attack ICU costs cut in half by Vitamin D – Oct 2018
Cardio Meta-analyses (auto-updated)
- Recurrrent Cardiovascular deaths cut in half if 10 ng more Vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2021
- Statin pain reduces Vitamin D levels by 4 ng ( 9 studies) - Meta-analysis July 2021
- Arterial stiffness reduced if use at least 2,000 IU of Vitamin D for 4 months – meta-analysis Dec 2019
- Blood vessels not helped by small vitamin D doses – meta-analysis Dec 2019
- Vitamin D supplementation reduces many Cardiovascular Disease markers– meta-analysis July 2018
- Low-dose vitamin D does not help cardiovascular (many were 100-1,000 IU) – meta-analysis June 2019
- Heart Failure and Vitamin D meta-analyses - 2016, 2019
- Vitamin K (across all dose sizes and types) decrease Vascular Stiffness – meta-analysis - Dec 2018
- Small or infrequent doses of vitamin D do not reduce heart failure much – meta-analysis Jan 2018
- Peripheral arterial disease risk is 1.5X higher if low vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2018
- Omega-3 reduced time in hospital and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery – meta-analysis May 2016
- Cardiovascular deaths 12 percent less likely if have 10 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2017
- Health problems prevented by eating nuts (perhaps due to Magnesium and or Omega-3) – meta-analysis Dec 2016
- Atrial Fibrillation 1.3 times more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2016
- Coronary Artery Disease without diabetes 5 times more likely if VDR gene problems – meta-analysis May 2016
- Chronic Heart Failure not treated by Vitamin D, if dose size is ignored – meta-analysis Oct 2015
- Atrial fibrillation sometimes treated by Omega-3 – meta-analysis Sept 2015
- Peripheral Arterial Disease patients have low vitamin D levels – meta-analysis Oct 2015
- C-reactive protein (heart disease marker) reduced by vitamin D – meta-analysis 2014, 2019
- Cardiovascular disease associated with postmenopausal non-human primates – meta-analysis Jan 2015
- Adding Calcium does NOT cause cardiovascular problems (reverses their meta-analysis) – Dec 2014
- Statin pain associated with 10 ng less vitamin D – meta-analysis Oct 2014
- Risk of Cardiac failure reduced 20 percent by 800 IU of vitamin D and Calcium – meta-analysis July 2014
- Magnesium prevents cardiovascular events – Meta-analysis March 2013
- Cardiovascular disease 50 % more likely if low vitamin D - meta-analysis Nov 2012
- Omega-3 does not help heart patients – meta-analysis Sept 2012
- Half as many heart deaths for those with high levels of vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2012
- Shift workers 23 percent more likely to have cardiovascular events – meta-analysis July 2012
- Low density lipoprotein cholesterol is predictable from vitamin D levels – meta-analysis March 2012
- 800 IU Vitamin D does not help heart – meta-analysis Aug 2011
- Calcium without vitamin D increased heart risk by 30 percent - Jan 2011
- Meta-analysis unsure if vitamin D can prevent cardiovascular disease – Sept 2010
Cardio Omega-3 Helps (auto-updated)
- Atrial Fibrilation in VitaminDWiki
- Omega-3 reduced cardiovascular deaths by 16 percent (427,678 people) – March 2020
- Synthetic EPA drug recommended to FDA for Cardio (Omega-3 is 8 X better) – Nov 2019
- Omega-3 reduces heart problems by ~5 percent – meta-analysis by Heart Association Oct 2019
- Cardiovascular Prevention with Omega-3 (finally using high doses) – Sept 2019
- Few people have enough EPA (an Omega-3) to reduce heart failures – July 2019
- Another Nail in the Coffin for Fish Oil Supplements (nope) – JAMA April 2018
- Omega-3 provides many cardiovascular benefits – April 2018
- Omega-3 helps the heart, AHA class II recommendation, more than 1 gm may be needed – March 2018
- 3 days of Omega-3 before cardiac surgery reduced risk of post-op bleeding by half – RCT March 2018
- Perhaps the Omega-3 optimal level is 10 percent, not 8 – Feb 2018
- Omega-3 Cardiovascular meta-analysis has at least 5 major problems – Jan 2018
- Benefits of Omega-3 beyond heart health - LEF Feb 2018
- Higher Omega-3 index (4 to 8 percent) associated with 30 percent less risk of coronary disease (10 studies) July 2017
- Cardiovascular problems reduced by low dose aspirin and perhaps Omega-3 (also Vit K) – Sept 2017
- Omega-3 reduced time in hospital and atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery – meta-analysis May 2016
- For every Omega-3 dollar there is a 84 dollar savings in Cardiovascular costs - Foster and Sullivan April 2016
- High dose Omega-3 probably reduces heart problems – American Heart Association – March 2017
- Health problems prevented by eating nuts (perhaps due to Magnesium and or Omega-3) – meta-analysis Dec 2016
- Omega-3 – need more than 1 gram for a short time to reduce Cardiovascular Disease – Nov 2016
- Omega-3 is vital for health, mail-in test is low cost and accurate
- Cardiovascular calcification prevented by Omega-3, Magnesium, Vitamin K, and Vitamin D – April 2015
- Atrial fibrillation sometimes treated by Omega-3 – meta-analysis Sept 2015
- Salmon intervention (vitamin D and Omega-3) improved heart rate variability and reduced anxiety – Nov 2014
- Omega-7 - in addition to Omega-3
- Omega-3 reduces Coronary Heart Disease - infographic June 2014
- Cardiovascular diseases – conflicting data on benefits of Omega-3 and vitamin D – Feb 2014
- Cardiovascular system benefits from both Omega-3 and vitamin D – Dec 2012
- Heart problems such as Afib related to little Magnesium, Omega-3, Vitamin D getting to tissues
- Omega-3 does not help heart patients – meta-analysis Sept 2012
A poor Vitamin D Receptor can block Vitamin D in blood from getting to tissues
- Heart Failure 15X more likely if poor VDR, even if good level of vitamin D (China) – March 2019
- Coronary Artery Disease without diabetes 5 times more likely if VDR gene problems – meta-analysis May 2016
Cholesterol, Statins
- Cholesterol is needed to produce both Vitamin D and Cortisol
- Overview Cholesterol and vitamin D
- Statins and vitamin D statins often reduce levels of vitamin D
- Statin side-effects are reduced by Vitamin D – US patent Application – April 2019
Pages listed in BOTH the Dark Skin and Cardiovascular categories
- 26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are associated with low vitamin D
- After Heart Failure Blacks are 45 percent more likely to re-enter the hospital in a month – Oct 2020
- Hypertension not controlled by 26 ng of Vitamin D (50,000 IU bi-weekly A-A) – RCT Nov 2017
- Cardiovascular death reduction in dark skin migrants by just 1,000 IU of vitamin D – May 2015
- Types of vitamin D, African American teenage girls, and measures of heart fitness – Dec 2014
- Low vitamin D is a risk factor for vascular diseases in African Americans - Aug 2012
- Low vitamin D increases risk of cardiovascular disease in African Americans – 2011
- Low vitamin D associated with obesity-related diseases for ethnic minorities – Sept 2011
- Vitamin D accounts for 25 percent of the racial differences in blood pressure – Oct 2011
- Striking ethnic health disparity – blacks dying due to lack of vitamin D – Nov 2011
- Studies linked low vitamin D and dark skin to Obesity, Diabetes, and heart – June 2011
- 50000 IU vitamin D2 weekly helped blacks with heart problems – Feb 2011
- Not yet certain that vitamin D reduces cardiovascular and diabetes in blacks – Mar 2011
- Improved blood flow in blacks with just 2000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2011
- Calcium with Vitamin D2 then D3 helps A-A after heart failure – Jan 2011
- Aortas of 16 year old blacks helped by 2000 IU of vitamin D – July 2010
- Race CVD and Vitamin D - Newsletter Mar 2010
- VitDCouncilMarch2010
Pages listed in BOTH the categories Mortality and Cardiovascular
- Omega-3 reduced cardiovascular deaths by 16 percent (427,678 people) – March 2020
- Cardiovascular death 1.5X more likely if less than 20 ng of Vitamin D – 22nd meta-analysis Nov 2019
- Mortality associated with Vitamin K insufficiency (PREVEND Study) – Nov 2017
- Cardiovascular deaths 12 percent less likely if have 10 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2017
- 7X increased chance of death if coronary artery disease and low vitamin D – Oct 2013
- Fewer heart attacks, hip fractures and deaths if more skin cancer – Sept 2013
- Vitamin D protects against many types of health problems – review May 2013
- Almost 6X more likely to die after coronary bypass if vitamin D deficient – Dec 2012
- Predicted cardiac surgery death associated with low vitamin D levels – Dec 2012
- 3 X increased chance of death if have asthma – study of 200,000 people over 10 years – Nov 2012
- Low levels of vitamin D associated with all cause mortality – Oct 2012
- Death in less than 2 years of Heart Failure associated with low vitamin D - April 2012
- Heart Failure early death 2X more likely if less than 20 nanograms of vitamin D – June 2012
- Chance of death after heart failure reduced by 1000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2012
- Heart patients 10 percent more likely to die for every 4 ng less vitamin D – May 2011
- Did not find association between vitamin D and cardiovascular mortality – Sept 2010
- Table of outcomes for seniors vs vitamin D level
Observation
Vitamin D has been proven to reduce a great many health problems
for those who are vitamin D deficient = most everyone
It particularly helps for those who are the ((High Risk of little Vitamin D|most dificient), such as
Almost always at least 2,000 IU is needed to get a benefit, not just 1,000 IU
The study was designed to model the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of oral Vitamin D supplementation as a primary prevention strategy for cardiovascular disease among a migrant population in Australia. It was carried out in the Community Health Service, Kensington, Melbourne. Best-case scenario analysis using a Markov model was employed to look at the health care providers’ perspective. Adult migrants who were vitamin D deficient and free from cardiovascular disease visiting the medical centre at least once during the period from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2012 was included to the study. The blood pressure-lowering effect of vitamin D was taken from a published meta-analysis and applied in the Framingham 10 year cardiovascular risk algorithm (with and without oral vitamin D supplements) to generate the probabilities of cardiovascular events. A Markov decision model was used to estimate the provider costs associated with the events and treatments. Uncertainties were derived by Monte Carlo simulation. Vitamin D oral supplementation (1,000 IU/d) for 10 years could potentially prevent 31 (IQR 26 to 37) non-fatal and 11 (IQR 10 to 15) fatal cardiovascular events in a migrant population of 10,000 assuming the 100% compliance. The provider perspective incremental cost effectiveness per year of life saved was AU$ 3,992 (IQR 583 to 8558). This study suggests subsidised supplementation of oral vitamin D may be a cost effective intervention to reduce non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk migrant populations
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