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Zika virus can be spread by animals, not just by humans – July 2016

Animals in the Zika virus life cycle: what to expect from megadiverse Latin American countries.

BioRXiv doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/062034 (Published before peer review)
Marina Galvão Bueno, Nádia Martinez, Lívia Abdala, Claudia Nunes Duarte dos Santos, Marcia Chame

Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in primates in Uganda, West Africa. The virus remained confined to the equatorial regions of Africa and Asia, cycling between infecting monkeys, arboreal mosquitoes, and occasional humans. The ZIKV Asiatic strain was probably introduced into Brazil in 2013. In the current critical human epidemic in the Americas, ZIKV is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, especially where the human population density is combined with poor sanitation. Presently, ZIKV is in contact with the rich biodiversity in all Brazilian biomes, bordering on other Latin American countries. Infections in Brazilian primates have been reported recently, but the overall impact of this virus on wildlife in the Americas is still unknown. The current epidemic in the Americas requires knowledge on the role of mammals, especially non-human primates, in ZIKV transmission to humans. The article discusses the available data on ZIKV in host animals, besides issues of biodiversity, rapid environmental change, and impact on human health in megadiverse Latin American countries. The authors reviewed scientific articles and recent news stories on ZIKV in animals, showing that 47 animal species from three orders (mammals, reptiles, and birds) have been investigated for the potential to establish a sylvatic cycle. The review aims to contribute to epidemiological studies and the knowledge on the natural history of ZIKV. The article concludes with questions that require urgent attention in epidemiological studies involving wildlife in order to understand their role as ZIKV hosts and to effectively control the epidemic.

Clipped from PDF

  • 2,107 diseases are shared between humans and animals
  • "71.8% of emerging diseases are caused by pathogens originating in wildlife "
  • “6,000 primates and 10,000 mosquitoes are enough to support a ZIKV transmission Cycle”
  • Kenya 1977 “. . small wild mammals (5.9%), and reptiles (27.7%) tested positive for ZIKV
  • “Public policy and elimination efforts in the Americas are currently based mainly on vector control and personal protection measures, so the high number of wild species with the potential to establish a sylvatic cycle makes elimination extremely difficult if not impossible”

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VitaminDWiki pages with ZIKA in title (105 as of June 2022)

This list is automatically updated

Items found: 100
Title Modified
Stop Zika Birth Defects with Vitamin D 04 Jun, 2022
3 years after congenital virus infection there was a 12X increase in infant deaths (Zika, Brazil) - Feb 2022 27 Feb, 2022
Stop Zika birth defects 28 Oct, 2016
Stop Zika Birth Defects FORUM 28 Oct, 2016
The CDC recommendations for Zika prevention – Aug 2016 04 Oct, 2016
Zika updates from CDC 01 Oct, 2016
Zika birth defects may not be noticed for a year – Sept 2016 27 Sep, 2016
Zika detected in tears, semen, breast milk, blood, urine, saliva, etc. – Sept 2016 20 Sep, 2016
Virus lingers in semen - Zika at least 6 months, Ebola 15 - Sept 2016 20 Sep, 2016
Zika transmitted via sex, even when man had been vasectomised – Oct 2016 20 Sep, 2016
Zika and pregnancy – What We Think, What We Know, and What We Think We Know – Sept 2016 17 Sep, 2016
Locally Transmitted Zika Virus Infects 41 in Singapore – Aug 28, 2016 16 Sep, 2016
March of Dimes Zika survey – many have of heard of it, few know what to do -Sept 2016 15 Sep, 2016
Many local Zika cases in Miami – Aug 2016 14 Sep, 2016
Zika insecticide Naled kills millions of bees too - Sept 2016 14 Sep, 2016
Zika US outbreak: 20,000 infected including 1,500 pregnant women – Sept 2016 13 Sep, 2016
Your use of DEET probably INCREASES the spread of Zika – June 2016 10 Sep, 2016
Permethrin-dipped clothing kills Zika mosquitoes even after 10 washings – Oct 2016 09 Sep, 2016
Zika Virus – comprehensive review – May 2016 05 Sep, 2016
Cuba is proactively preventing Zika – Sept 2016 04 Sep, 2016
Zika via sex, but the man had no symptoms – Aug 2016 27 Aug, 2016
FDA says all blood should be tested for Zika – at a cost of 150 dollars per unit – Aug 2016 26 Aug, 2016
Fear that Zika is Millennials’ Sexually Transmitted Disease – Aug 2016 23 Aug, 2016
67 pregnant women in Florida now have Zika – story of a birth – Aug 2016 23 Aug, 2016
Zika causes brain problems in adult (mice) having poor immune systems– Nov 2016 22 Aug, 2016
Assessing the global threat from Zika virus – Aug 2016 21 Aug, 2016
Zika infection lasts 5 times longer when some monkeys are pregnant – what about pregnant women – June 2016 21 Aug, 2016
Zika virus: An emergent neuropathological agent – Aug 2016 20 Aug, 2016
Zika microcephalic child may cost 4 million dollars – Aug 2016 16 Aug, 2016
Zika birth defects – comprehensive analysis – Aug 2016 15 Aug, 2016
Zika testing for people in New York City having at least 3 symptoms – Aug 2016 10 Aug, 2016
Zika – 21 bad pregnancy outcomes in US as of July 28, 2016 09 Aug, 2016
Zika in Florida – 1 local infection, 11 new reported in one day, 263 for the year - July 20, 2016 09 Aug, 2016
Risk of local Zika infections – model with global map – April 2016 07 Aug, 2016
Fight the hidden Zika storm in your storm drains – Aug 2016 06 Aug, 2016
Zika virus symptoms very similar to others: ChikDenMaZika Syndrome – July 2016 05 Aug, 2016
Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Macrophages – May 2016 05 Aug, 2016
Zika model indicates 25 times more cases in US as had been reported to the CDC – Aug 2016 04 Aug, 2016
4 Zika cases in Florida not related to travel – perhaps due to local mosquitoes – July 2016 01 Aug, 2016
The Zika Virus Mosquito Is so Dangerous the Military Considered Using It as a Weapon - July 2016 01 Aug, 2016
Zika far worse than Rubella – May 2016 01 Aug, 2016
How to significantly reduce your risk of contracting the Zika virus 30 Jul, 2016
Spread of Zika Virus in Puerto Rico Accelerates – July 30, 2016 30 Jul, 2016
Plan your pregnancy to reduce Zika exposure – July 2016 28 Jul, 2016
Zika test costs 780 dollars (Labcorp)– June 2016 16 Jul, 2016
Zika Puerto Rico – 1300 new cases in past week – July 15, 2016 15 Jul, 2016
Zika virus can be spread by animals, not just by humans – July 2016 09 Jul, 2016
Zika antibodies surprisingly also exist in sheep, goats, horses, cows, ducks, rodents, etc. – May 2016 08 Jul, 2016
West Nile Virus (same mosquito can carry Zika) in Sacramento CA – June 2016 08 Jul, 2016
Zika misinformation and history – April 2016 08 Jul, 2016
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Attached files

ID Name Comment Uploaded Size Downloads
6864 Animals in the Zika virus life cycle.pdf admin 08 Jul, 2016 2.00 Mb 606