Estimating risks of importation and local transmission of Zika virus infection
Kyeongah Nah1,2,3, Kenji Mizumoto1,3,4, Yuichiro Miyamatsu1,2,3, Yohei Yasuda1, Ryo Kinoshita1,2,3, Hiroshi Nishiura?1,2,3 nishiurah at gmail.com
PeerJ PubMed 27069825
Possibility of Zika infections by the end of 2016 is based on such factors as:
- Local Aedes mosquitoes (which carry Zika, Dengue, Chik.)
- Local Dengue virus
- Local Chikungunya virus
- Airplane transportation
Model did not consider
- Zika without previous existing DENV and CHIKV
- # of passengers, only historical flight routes
- Additional trafic due to Rio Olympics
- Seasonal variations
- Variations within large countries such as United States, China and Australia
Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Risk of local Zika by end of 2016
The origin country, Brazil, is colored in grey
Other additional countries colored in grey were excluded, because they experienced importation of ZIKV infection prior to the event in Brazil (week 12, 2015).
Comment by VitaminDWiki
It appears that grey = 100% risk (countries already had local Zika - Canada, Norway?)
Bars filled with grey represent countries that have already experienced importation of ZIKV infected case(s) by 31 January 2016
Background. An international spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has attracted global attention. ZIKV is conveyed by a mosquito vector, Aedes species, which also acts as the vector species of dengue and chikungunya viruses.
Methods. Arrival time of ZIKV importation (i.e., the time at which the first imported case was diagnosed) in each imported country was collected from publicly available data sources. Employing a survival analysis model in which the hazard is an inverse function of the effective distance as informed by the airline transportation network data, and using dengue and chikungunya virus transmission data, risks of importation and local transmission were estimated.
Results. A total of 78 countries with imported case(s) have been identified, with the arrival time ranging from 1 to 44 weeks since the first ZIKV was identified in Brazil, 2015. Whereas the risk of importation was well explained by the airline transportation network data, the risk of local transmission appeared to be best captured by additionally accounting for the presence of dengue and chikungunya viruses.
Discussion. The risk of importation may be high given continued global travel of mildly infected travelers but, considering that the public health concerns over ZIKV infection stems from microcephaly, it is more important to focus on the risk of local and widespread transmission that could involve pregnant women. The predicted risk of local transmission was frequently seen in tropical and subtropical countries with dengue or chikungunya epidemic experience.