Loading...
 
Toggle Health Problems and D

Personalized treatment of Vitamin D


23+ Personalization factors for Vitamin D treatment:

  1. Body size: less for youths, more for obese
  2. Have genes that reduce Vitamin D blood level (which can be measured)
  3. Have genes that restrict the amount getting to cells
    Measurement of PTH may be a proxy for Vitamin D level in cells
    One of the genes, that deactivates the Vitamin D Receptor, can be activated 16+ ways
  4. Have a disease associated with Low Vitamin D
  5. Have a disease that consumes a lot of Vitamin D
  6. Have a disease that is associated with poor Vitamin D response ( Asthma, etc.)
  7. Have a disease that can only be fought by |high levels of Vitamin D (such as MS, psoriasis)
  8. Have a disease that deactivates the Vitamin D Receptor (COVID, Breast Cancer, etc)
  9. Have a poor gut – which decreases bio-absorption of Vitamin D (May need a gut-friendly form)
  10. Have had gallbladder removed – which decreases absorption of fat-soluble Vitamins
  11. Smoking
  12. Taking drugs that reduce Vitamin D
  13. Having a medical procedure that decreases Vitamin D level (Dialysis, surgery, etc.)
  14. Have a disease that is associated with low Vitamin D (Diabetes, etc.)
  15. Have a disease that is associated with a poor Vitamin D response (Asthma, etc.)
  16. Unable to or dislikes swallowing pills (powder, liquid, spray, and topical forms are available)
  17. Was born preterm or mother had low vitamin D while pregnant
    increases the risk of many Vitamin D diseases up to 50 years later
  18. Have diseases that run in the family that are associated with low Vitamin D
  19. Have little ability to get Vitamin D from the noonday sun
    Concealing clothes, far from the equator, dark skin, avoiding the very hot sun, shift worker, nursing home, wheelchair
  20. Are in a very stressful situation
  21. Have poor liver or kidney (needed to metabolize vitamin D in the bloodstream)
  22. Have a poor lymph system (required to get Vitamin D in the intestine into the blood)
  23. Loading dose if signs of improvement are needed in a month instead of within a fraction of a year

The above are all documented in VitaminDWiki - Solutions include:
different dose size, different form, UV lamp, cofactors, non-daily dose

Hope to have an interactive service on VitaminDWiki before the end of 2024 which will allow visitors to quickly and easily get personalized Vitamin D recommendations

Goal: for
95% of people
Annual Cost (guess)
for normal weight
& no health problems
> 30 - 50 ng $5/year
> 40 - 60 ng $30/year
> 80 - 100 ng $150/year
(includes Vit. D test

The higher goals require


VitaminDWiki – Vitamin D: not one size, type, form, route for all - Jan 2022


VitaminDWiki – Increased Vitamin D response if take cofactors, etc


VitaminDWiki – Reasons for low response to vitamin D


VitaminDWiki – PTH and Vitamin D - many studies

PTH bottoming out shows that Vitamin D got to cells: not restricted by 5 genes nor Magnesium


VitaminDWiki – How you might double your response to vitamin D


Personalized dosing: 70 to 1 differences in doses for vitamin D treatment of Breast Cancer

Vitamin D needed to treat Breast Cancer varied by 70X – March 2024


VitaminDWiki – Forms of Vitamin D category has 113 items


The Power of Vitamin D: Is the Future in Precision Nutrition through Personalized Supplementation Plans? - April 2024

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176
by Mladen Mavar 1,Tamara Sorić 1,*,Ena Bagarić 2,Ana Sarić 3 andMarijana Matek Sarić 4ORCID
1 Psychiatric Hospital Ugljan, Otočkih Dragovoljaca 42, 23275 Ugljan, Croatia
2 Almagea Ltd., Ulica Julija Knifera 4, 10020 Zagreb, Croatia
3 School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
4 Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary supplement, vitamin D deficiency is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly 50% of the global population. Low serum levels of vitamin D are being associated with increased susceptibility to numerous health conditions, including respiratory infections, mental health, autoimmune diseases, and different cancer types. Although the association between vitamin D status and health is well-established, the exact beneficial effects of vitamin D are still inconclusive and indefinite, especially when considering the prevention and treatment of different health conditions and the determination of an appropriate dosage to exert those beneficial effects in various population groups. Therefore, further research is needed. With constant improvements in our understanding of individual variations in vitamin D metabolism and requirements, in the future, precision nutrition and personalized supplementation plans could prove beneficial.

Clipped from PDF
Dose considering age and BMI = ‘Dose in IU = [(8.52—desired change in 25(OH)D) + (0.07 × age) – (0.20 × body mass index) + (1.74 × serum albumin) – (0.62 × starting 25[[OH]D concentration)]/(−0.002)’
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki


Study appears to deal with only 3 of the above 20+ concerns

204 References
  1. Jones, G. The discovery and synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D. Int. J. Paleopathol. 2018, 23, 96-99. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.002.
  2. Jones, G. 100 years of vitamin D: Historical aspects of vitamin D. Endocr. Connect. 2022, 11, e210594. https://doi.org/10.1530/ec– 0594.
  3. Carlberg, C. Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153018.
  4. Hess, A.F. The history of rickets. In Rickets, Including Osteomalacia and Tetany; Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1929; pp. #37.
  5. MacIntyre, I.; Evans, A.; Larkins, R.G. Vitamin D. Clin. Endocrinol. 1977, 6, 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2265.1977.tb01997.x.
  6. McCollum, E.V. The Paths to the Discovery of Vitamins A and D. J. Nutr. 1967, 91 (Suppl. S1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/91.2_suppl.11.
  7. McCollum, E.V.; Simmonds, N.; Becker, J.E.; Shipley, P.G. Studies on experimental rickets: XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J. Biol. Chem. 1922, 53, 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021- 9258(18)85783-0.
  8. Mellanby, E. An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1919, 193, 407-412.
  9. Steenbock, H. The Induction of Growth-Promoting and Calcifying Properties in a Ration by Exposure to Ultra-Violet Light. Science 1924, 60, 224-225. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.60.1549.224.
  10. Steenbock, H.; Black, A. Fat-Soluble Vitamins: XVII. The Induction of Growth-Promoting and Calcifying Properties in a Ration by Exposure to Ultra-Violet Light. J. Biol. Chem. 1924, 61, 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)85139-0.
  11. Silva, M.C.; Furlanetto, T.W. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 2018, 76, 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux034.
  12. Williams, S.E. Vitamin D supplementation: Pearls for practicing clinicians. Clevel. Clin. J. Med. 2022, 89, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.89a.21021.
  13. Wacker, M.; Holick, M.F. Sunlight and Vitamin D. Derm. -Endocrinol. 2013, 5, 51-108. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.24494.
  14. Ramasamy, I. Vitamin D Metabolism and Guidelines for Vitamin D Supplementation. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 2020, 41, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.33176/AACB-20-00006.
  15. Dominguez, L.J.; Farruggia, M.; Veronese, N.; Barbagallo, M. Vitamin D Sources, Metabolism, and Deficiency: Available Com­pounds and Guidelines for Its Treatment. Metabolites 2021, 11, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040255.
  16. Bikle, D.D. Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications. Chem. Biol. 2014, 21, 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2013.12.016.
  17. Bikle, D.D. Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action. In Endotext; Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., Hofland, J., et al., Eds.; MDText.com, Inc.: South Dartmouth, MA, USA, 2021.
  18. Bikle, D.D.; Pateek, S.; Wang, Y. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: Case report and review. Bone Rep. 2018, 8, 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2018.02.004.
  19. Norman, A.W.; Henry, H.H. Vitamin D. In Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 10th ed.; Erdman, J.W., Macdonald, I.A., Zeisel, S.H., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Washington, DC, USA, 2012; p. 207.
  20. Jeon, S.M.; Shin, E.A. Exploring vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018, 50, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-018-0038-9.
  21. Szymczak-Pajor, I.; Miazek, K.; Selmi, A.; Balcerczyk, A.; Sliwinska, A. The Action of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue: Is There the Link between Vitamin D Deficiency and Adipose Tissue-Related Metabolic Disorders? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 956. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020956.
  22. Raymond-Lezman, J.R.; Riskin, S.I. Benefits and Risks of Sun Exposure to Maintain Adequate Vitamin D Levels. Cureus 2023, 15, e38578. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38578.
  23. Battistini, C.; Ballan, R.; Herkenhoff, M.E.; Saad, S.M.I.; Sun, J. Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 22, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010362.
  24. Voltan, G.; Cannito, M.; Ferrarese, M.; Ceccato, F.; Camozzi, V. Vitamin D: An Overview of Gene Regulation, Ranging from Metabolism to Genomic Effects. Genes 2023, 14, 1691. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14091691.
  25. Sun, J.; Zhang, Y.G. Vitamin D Receptor Influences Intestinal Barriers in Health and Disease. Cells 2022, 11, 1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11071129.
  26. Arora, J.; Wang, J.; Weaver, V.; Zhang, Y.; Cantorna, M.T. Novel insight into the role of the vitamin D receptor in the development and function of the immune system. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2022, 219, 106084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106084.
  27. Li, X.; He, J.; Yu, M.; Sun, J. The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2020, 9, 286-297. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm.2020.02.26.
  28. Martineau, A.R.; James, W.Y.; Hooper, R.L.; Barnes, N.C.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Greiller, C.L.; Islam, K.; McLaughlin, D.; Bhowmik, A.; Timms, P.M.; et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ViDiCO): A multicen­tre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2015, 3, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70255- 3.
  29. Donastin, A.; Amin, M.; Yulistiani. Mechanism of High Dosage Vitamin D Supplementation on The Lung Function and Quality of Life of Stable COPD Patients. Pharmacogn. J. 2023, 15, 274-278. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2023.15.74.
  30. Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, L.; Zhang, H.; Yu, L.; Chi, Y.; Chen, M.; Cai, Y. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on COPD and asthma control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Glob. Health 2022, 12, 04100. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04100.
  31. Sanjari, M.; Soltani, A.; Habibi Khorasani, A.; Zareinejad, M. The effect of vitamin D on COPD exacerbation: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel clinical trial. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2016, 15, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-016- 0257-3.
  32. Ferrari, R.; Caram, L.M.O.; Tanni, S.E.; Godoy, I.; Rupp de Paiva, S.A. The relationship between Vitamin D status and exacerba­tion in COPD patients- a literature review. Respir. Med. 2018, 139, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.04.012.
  33. Argano, C.; Mallaci Bocchio, R.; Lo Monaco, M.; Scibetta, S.; Natoli, G.; Cavezzi, A.; Troiani, E.; Corrao, S. An Overview of Systematic Reviews of the Role of Vitamin D on Inflammation in Patients with Diabetes and the Potentiality of Its Application on Diabetic Patients with COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052873.
  34. Argano, C.; Mallaci Bocchio, R.; Natoli, G.; Scibetta, S.; Lo Monaco, M.; Corrao, S. Protective Effect of Vitamin D Supplementa­tion on COVID-19-Related Intensive Care Hospitalization and Mortality: Definitive Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010130.
  35. Cicero, A.F.G.; Fogacci, F.; Borghi, C. Vitamin D Supplementation and COVID-19 Outcomes: Mounting Evidence and Fewer Doubts. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173584.
  36. Hadizadeh, F. Supplementation with vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic? Nutr. Rev. 2021, 79, 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa081.
  37. Kolls, J.K.; Garry, R.F. Role of the T cell vitamin D receptor in severe COVID-19. Nat. Immunol. 2022, 23, 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-01098-7.
  38. Azmi, H.; Hassou, N.; Ennaji, M.M. Vitamin D Immunomodulatory Role in Chronic and Acute Viral Diseases. In Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens; Ennaji, M.M., Ed.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2020; pp. 489-506.
  39. Han, J.E.; Jones, J.L.; Tangpricha, V.; Brown, M.A.; Hao, L.; Hebbar, G.; Lee, M.J.; Liu, S.; Brown, L.A.S.; Ziegler, T.R.; et al. High Dose Vitamin D Administration in Ventilated Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Pilot Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol. 2016, 4, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2016.04.004.
  40. Mutt, S.J.; Hypponen, E.; Saarnio, J.; Jarvelin, M.R.; Herzig, K.H. Vitamin D and adipose tissue—More than storage. Front. Phys­iol. 2014, 5, 228. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00228.
  41. Charoenngam, N.; Holick, M.F. Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072097.
  42. Dhawan, M.; Priyanka; Choudhary, O.P. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic implications of vitamin D in the management of COVID-19. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2022, 18, 2025734. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2025734.
  43. Tang, W.; Chen, L.; Ma, W.; Chen, D.; Wang, C.; Gao, Y.; Ran, X. Association between vitamin D status and diabetic foot in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Diabetes Investig. 2022, 13, 1213-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjdi.13776.
  44. Alcala-Diaz, J.F.; Limia-Perez, L.; Gomez-Huelgas, R.; Martin-Escalante, M.D.; Cortes-Rodriguez, B.; Zambrana-Garcia, J.L.; En­trenas-Castillo, M.; Perez-Caballero, A.I.; López-Carmona, M.D.; Garcia-Alegria, J.; et al. Calcifediol Treatment and Hospital Mortality Due to COVID-19: A Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061760.
  45. Annweiler, C.; Hanotte, B.; Grandin de l'Eprevier, C.; Sabatier, J.M.; Lafaie, L.; Célarier, T. Vitamin D and survival in COVID-19 patients: A quasi-experimental study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2020, 204, 105771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105771.
  46. Annweiler, G.; Corvaisier, M.; Gautier, J.; Dubée, V.; Legrand, E.; Sacco, G.; Annweiler, C. Vitamin D Supplementation Associ­ated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study. Nutri­ents 2020, 12, 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113377.
  47. Leclair, T.; Zakai, N.A.; Bunn, J.Y.; Gianni, M.; Heyland, D.K.; Ardren, S.S.; Stapleton, R.D. Vitamin D Supplementation in Me­chanically Ventilated Patients in the Medical Intensive Care Unit. JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 2019, 43, 1037-1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.1520.
  48. Ling, S.F.; Broad, E.; Murphy, R.; Pappachan, J.M.; Pardesi-Newton, S.; Kong, M.F.; Jude, E.B. High-Dose Cholecalciferol Booster Therapy is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Centre Observa­tional Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3799. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123799.
  49. Rastogi, A.; Bhansali, A.; Khare, N.; Suri, V.; Yaddanapudi, N.; Sachdeva, N.; Puri, G.D.; Malhotra, P. Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: A randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). Postgrad. Med. J. 2022, 98, 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065.
  50. Sabico, S.; Enani, M.A.; Sheshah, E.; Aljohani, N.J.; Aldisi, D.A.; Alotaibi, N.H.; Alshingetti, N.; Alomar, S.Y.; Alnaami, A.M.; Amer, O.E.; et al. Effects of a 2-Week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Recovery of Symptoms in Patients with Mild to Moderate Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072170.
  51. Malaguarnera, L. Vitamin D3 as Potential Treatment Adjuncts for COVID-19. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3512.https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113512.
  52. Borsche, L.; Glauner, B.; von Mendel, J. COVID-19 Mortality Risk Correlates Inversely with Vitamin D3 Status, and a Mortality Rate Close to Zero Could Theoretically Be Achieved at 50 ng/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3596. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103596.
  53. Grant, W.B.; Lahore, H.; McDonnell, S.L.; Baggerly, C.A.; French, C.B.; Aliano, J.L.; Bhattoa, H.P. Evidence that Vitamin D Sup­plementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients 2020, 12, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988.
  54. Raperport, C.; Homburg, R. The Source of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Clin. Med. Insights Reprod. Health 2019, 13, 1179558119871467. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1179558119871467.
  55. Thomson, R.L.; Spedding, S.; Buckley, J.D. Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 2012, 77, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04434.x.
  56. Morgante, G.; Darino, I.; Spanò, A.; Luisi, S.; Luddi, A.; Piomboni, P.; Governini, L.; De Leo, V. PCOS Physiopathology and Vitamin D Deficiency: Biological Insights and Perspectives for Treatment. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4509. https://doi.org/10.3390/icm11154509.
  57. Fatemi, F.; Mohammadzadeh, A.; Sadeghi, M.R.; Akhondi, M.M.; Mohammadmoradi, S.; Kamali, K.; Lackpour, N.; Jouhari, S.; Zafadoust, S.; Mokhtar, S.; et al. Role of vitamin E and D 3 supplementation in Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection outcomes of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A double blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2017, 18,30. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxlnesp.2017.01.002.
  58. Irani, M.; Merhi, Z. Role of vitamin D in ovarian physiology and its implication in reproduction: A systematic review. Fertil. Steril. 2014, 102, 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.046.
  59. Fox, J.D.; Benesh, G.; Abrouk, M.; Kirsner, R.S. Controversies in Sunscreens: A Practical Approach. Am. J. Med. 2020, 133, 1378­1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.06.012.
  60. Laird, E.; Ward, M.; McSorley, E.; Strain, J.J.; Wallace, J. Vitamin D and Bone Health; Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients 2010, 2, 693-724. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2070693.
  61. Lips, P.; van Schoor, N.M. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 25, 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.002.
  62. Yao, P.; Bennett, D.; Maftam, M.; Lin, X.; Chen, Z.; Armitage, J.; Clarke, R. Vitamin D and Calcium for the Prevention of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 2019, 2, e1917789. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworko- pen.2019.17789.
  63. Weaver, C.M.; Alexander, D.D.; Boushey, C.J.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Lappe, J.M.; LeBoff, M.S.; Liu, S.; Looker, A.C.; Wallace, T.C.; Wang, D.D. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: An updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos. Int. 2016, 27, 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5.
  64. Zhao, J.G.; Zeng, X.T.; Wang, J.; Liu, L. Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. JAMA 2017, 318, 2466. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19344.
  65. DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ 2010, 340, b5463. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b5463.
  66. Reid, I.R.; Bolland, M.J.; Grey, A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta­analysis. Lancet 2014, 383, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61647-5.
  67. Henn, M.; Martin-Gorgojo, V.; Martin-Moreno, J.M. Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention: Gaps in Current Knowledge and Room for Hope. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4512. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214512.
  68. Muñoz, A.; Grant, W.B. Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1448. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071448.
  69. Hossain, S.; Beydoun, M.A.; Beydoun, H.A.; Chen, X.; Zonderman, A.B.; Wood, R.J. Vitamin D and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2019, 30, 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxlnesp.2018.12.085.
  70. Voutsadakis, I.A. Vitamin D baseline levels at diagnosis of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther. 2021, 14, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.08.005.
  71. Zhang, L.; Wang, S.; Che, X.; Li, X. Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2015, 36, 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1159/000374072.
  72. Zhao, J.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhou, X.; Yao, J.; Zhang, R.; Liao, L.; Dong, J. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Nutrition 2019, 57, 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.04.015.
  73. Keum, N.; Chen, Q.Y.; Lee, D.H.; Manson, J.E.; Giovannucci, E. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality by daily vs. infrequent large-bolus dosing strategies: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Cancer 2022, 127, 872-878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-01850-2.
  74. Kuznia, S.; Zhu, A.; Akutsu, T.; Buring, J.E.; Camargo, C.A., Jr.; Cook, N.R.; Chen, L.J.; Cheng, T.Y.D.; Hantunen, S.; Lee, I.M.; et al. Efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation on cancer mortality: Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ageing Res. Rev. 2023, 87, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101923.
  75. Akpinar, §.; Karadag, M.G. Is Vitamin D Important in Anxiety or Depression? What Is the Truth? Curr. Nutr. Rep. 2022, 11, 675­681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00441-0.
  76. Cuomo, A.; Fagiolini, A. Vitamin D and psychiatric illnesses. Vitamin D UpDates 2019, 2, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.30455/2611- 2876-2019-01.
  77. Gowda, U.; Mutowo, M.P.; Smith, B.J.; Wluka, A.E.; Renzaho, A.M.N. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition 2015, 31, 421-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.017.
  78. Li, G.; Mbuagbaw, L.; Samaan, Z.; Falavigna, M.; Zhang, S.; Adachi, J.D.; Cheng, J.; Papaioannou, A.; Thabane, L. Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 99, 757-767. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3450.
  79. Shaffer, J.A.; Edmondson, D.; Wasson, L.T.; Falzon, L.; Homma, K.; Ezeokoli, N.; Li, P.; Davidson, K.W. Vitamin D supplemen­tation for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom. Med. 2014, 76, 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000044.
  80. Spedding, S. Vitamin D and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws. Nutrients 2014, 6, 1501-1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6041501.
  81. Vellekkatt, F.; Menon, V. Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Postgrad. Med. 2019, 65, 74—80. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_571_17.
  82. Robinson, S.L.; Marín, C.; Oliveros, H.; Mora-Plazas, M.; Lozoff, B.; Villamor, E. Vitamin D Deficiency in Middle Childhood Is Related to Behavior Problems in Adolescence. J. Nutr. 2020, 150, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz185.
  83. Tolppanen, A.M.; Sayers, A.; Fraser, W.D.; Lewis, G.; Zammit, S.; Lawlor, D.A. The association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 with depressive symptoms in childhood—A prospective cohort study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2012, 53, 757-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02518.x.
  84. Chan, R.; Chan, D.; Woo, J.; Ohlsson, C.; Mellström, D.; Kwok, T.; Leung, P. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and psychological health in older Chinese men in a cohort study. J. Affect. Disord. 2011, 130, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.029.
  85. Lee, D.M.; Tajar, A.; O'Neill, T.W.; O'Connor, D.B.; Bartfai, G.; Boonen, S.; Bouillon, R.; Casanueva, F.F.; Finn, J.D.; Forti, G.; et al. Lower vitamin D levels are associated with depression among community-dwelling European men. J. Psychopharmacol. 2011, 25, 1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110379287.
  86. May, H.T.; Bair, T.L.; Lappé, D.L.; Anderson, J.L.; Horne, B.D.; Carlquist, J.F.; Muhlestein, J.B. Association of vitamin D levels with incident depression among a general cardiovascular population. Am. Heart J. 2010, 159, 1037-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.017.
  87. Milaneschi, Y.; Hoogendijk, W.; Lips, P.; Heijboer, A.C.; Schoevers, R.; van Hemert, A.M.; Beekman, A.T.F.; Smit, J.H.; Penninx, B.W.J.H. The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2014, 19, 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.36.
  88. Zhao, G.; Ford, E.S.; Li, C. Associations of Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone with Surrogate Markers of Insulin Resistance Among U.S. Adults Without Physician-Diagnosed Diabetes: NHANES, 2003-2006. Di­abetes Care 2010, 33, 344-347. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0924.
  89. Menon, V.; Kar, S.K.; Suthar, N.; Nebhinani, N. Vitamin D and Depression: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence and Future Directions. Indian J. Psychol. Med. 2020, 42, 11-21. https://doi.org/10.4103%2FIJPSYM.IJPSYM_160_19.
  90. Zhu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, T.; Lin, Y.; Yu, J.; Xia, Q.; Zhu, P.; Zhu, D.M. Vitamin D supplementation improves anxiety but not depression symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Brain Behav. 2020, 10, e01760. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1760.
  91. Guzek, D.; KoJota, A.; Lachowicz, K.; Skolmowska, D.; Stachon, M.; GJ bska, D. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on De­pression in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). Nutrients 2023, 15, 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040951.
  92. Cui, X.; McGrath, J.J.; Burne, T.H.J.; Eyles, D.W. Vitamin D and schizophrenia: 20 years on. Mol. Psychiatry 2021, 26, 2708-2720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01025-0.
  93. Cereda, G.; Enrico, P.; Ciappolino, V.; Delvecchio, G.; Brambilla, P. The role of vitamin D in bipolar disorder: Epidemiology and influence on disease activity. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 278, 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.039.
  94. Saedisomeolia, A.; Samadi, M.; Gholami, F.; Seyedi, M.; Effatpanah, M.; Hashemi, R.; Abdolahi, M.; Honarvar, N.M. Vitamin D's Molecular Action Mechanism in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Evidence. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2018, 17, 280-290. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666180501111627.
  95. Krivoy, A.; Onn, R.; Vilner, Y.; Hochman, E.; Weizman, S.; Paz, A.; Hess, S.; Sagy, R.; Kimhi-Nesher, S.; Kalter, E.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Clozapine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-con­trolled Clinical Trial. EbioMedicine 2017, 26, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2017.11.027.
  96. Ghaderi, A.; Banafshe, H.R.; Mirhosseini, N.; Moradi, M.; Karimi, M.A.; Mehrzad, F.; Bahmani, F.; Asemi, Z. Clinical and met­abolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients. BMC Psychiatry 2019, 19, 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2059-x.
  97. Aranow, C. Vitamin D and the Immune System. J. Investig. Med. 2011, 59, 881-886. https://doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755.
  98. Sirbe, C.; Rednic, S.; Grama, A.; Pop, T.L. An Update on the Effects of Vitamin D on the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179784.
  99. Fatima, M.; Lamis, A.; Siddiqui, S.W.; Ashok, T.; Patni, N.; Fadiora, O.E. Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis: An Essentially Contested Concept. Cureus 2022, 14, e26186. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26186.
  100. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C.; Souberbielle, J.C. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2017, 14, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.03.014.
  101. Scazzone, C.; Agnello, L.; Bivona, G.; Lo Sasso, B.; Ciaccio, M. Vitamin D and Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis. Bio- chem. Genet. 2021, 59, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-020-10010-1.
  102. Alfredsson, L.; Olsson, T. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2019, 9, a028944. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028944.
  103. Thompson, A.J.; Baranzini, S.E.; Geurts, J.; Hemmer, B.; Ciccarelli, O. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2018, 391, 1622-1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30481-1.
  104. Feinstein, A.; Freeman, J.; Lo, A.C. Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: What works, what does not, and what is needed. Lancet Neurol. 2015, 14, 194-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70231-5.
  105. Feige, J.; Moser, T.; Bieler, L.; Schwenker, K.; Hauer, L.; Sellner, J. Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Critical Analysis of Potentials and Threats. Nutrients 2020, 12, 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030783.
  106. Gandhi, F.; Jhaveri, S.; Avanthika, C.; Singh, A.; Jain, N.; Gulraiz, A.; Shah, P.; Nasir, F. Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Multiple Sclerosis. Cureus 2021, 13, e18487. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.18487.
  107. McLaughlin, L.; Clarke, L.; Khalilidehkordi, E.; Butekueven, H.; Taylor, B.; Broadley, S.A. Vitamin D for the treatment of multi­ple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J. Neurol. 2018, 265, 2893-2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9074-6.
  108. Simpson-Yap, S.; Jelinek, P.; Weiland, T.; Nag, N.; Neate, S.; Jelinek, G. Self-reported use of vitamin D supplements is associated with higher physical quality of life scores in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2021, 49, 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/Jmsard.2021.102760.
  109. Beckmann, Y.; Türe, S.; Duman, S.U. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. EPMA J. 2020, 11, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-019-00191-0.
  110. Jagannath, V.A.; Filippini, G.; Borges do Nascimento, I.J.; Di Pietrantonj, C.; Robak, E.W.; Whamond, L. Vitamin D for the man­agement of multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018, 9, CD008422. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008422.pub3.
  111. Kim, D. The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091949.
  112. Turashvili, N.; Javashvili, L.; Giorgadze, E. Vitamin D Deficiency Is More Common in Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2021, 2021, 4465563. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4465563.
  113. Camurdan, O.M.; Döger, E.; Bideci, A.; Celik, N.; Cinaz, P. Vitamin D status in children with Hashimoto thyroiditis. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 25, 467-470.
  114. Akta§, H.S. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D Levels in Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Their Correlation with Anti­Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. Med. Princ. Pract. 2020, 29, 364-370. https://doi.org/10.1159/000505094.
  115. Unal, A.D.; Tarcin, O.; Parildar, H.; Cigerli, O.; Eroglu, H.; Demirag, N.G. Vitamin D deficiency is related to thyroid antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. Cent. Eur. J. Immunol. 2014, 39, 493-497. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2014.47735.
  116. Li, B.; Liu, B.; Bao, W.; Rong, S. Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Respiratory Infection among United States Adults. J. Nutr. 2023, 153, 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.006.
  117. Carr, A.C.; Maggini, S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1211. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211.
  118. Maddaloni, E.; Cavallari, I.; Napoli, N.; Conte, C. Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Horm. Res. 2018, 50, 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486083.
  119. Mitri, J.; Pittas, A.G. Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 2014, 43, 205-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.010.
  120. Wu, J.; Atkins, A.; Downes, M.; Wei, Z. Vitamin D in Diabetes: Uncovering the Sunshine Hormone's Role in Glucose Metabolism and Beyond. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081997.
  121. Denos, M.; Mai, X.M.; Äsvold, B.O.; S0rgjerd, E.P.; Chen, Y.; Sun, Y.Q. Vitamin D status and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Nor­wegian HUNT cohort study: Does family history or genetic predisposition modify the association? BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2021, 9, e001948. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001948.
  122. Kwak, J.H.; Choi, Y.H.; Paik, J.K. Vitamin D Status, Fiber Intake, and Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Adults. J. Med. Food 2020, 23, 711­718. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4528.
  123. Wang, M.; Zhou, T.; Li, X.; Ma, H.; Liang, Z.; Fonseca, V.; Heianza, Y.; Qi, L. Baseline Vitamin D Status, Sleep Patterns, and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Data from the UK Biobank Study. Diabetes Care 2020, 43, 2776-2784. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1109.
  124. Todorova, A.S.; Jude, E.B.; Dimova, R.B.; Chakarova, N.Y.; Serdarova, M.S.; Grozeva, G.G.; Tsarkova, P.V.; Tankova, T.I. Vitamin D Status in a Bulgarian Population with Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 2022, 21, 506-512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534734620965820.
  125. Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018, 10, 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030375.
  126. Lee, C.J.; Iyer, G.; Liu, Y.; Kalyani, R.R.; Bamba, N.; Ligon, C.B.; Varma, S.; Mathioudakis, N. The effect of vitamin D supplemen­tation on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J. Diabetes Complicat. 2017, 31, 1115-1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.019.
  127. Pittas, A.G.; Jorde, R.; Kawahara, T.; Dawson-Hughes, B. Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Melli­tus: To D or Not to D? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 105, 3721-3733. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa594.
  128. Zhang, Y.; Tan, H.; Tang, J.; Li, J.; Chong, W.; Hai, Y.; Feng, Y.; Lunsford, L.D.; Xu, P.; Jia, D.; et al. Effects of Vitamin D Supple­mentation on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2020, 43, 1650-1658. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1708.
  129. Manousaki, D.; Harroud, A.; Mitchell, R.E.; Ross, S.; Forgetta, V.; Timpson, N.J.; Smith, G.D.; Polychronakos, C.; Richards, J.B. Vitamin D levels and risk of type 1 diabetes: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2021, 18, e1003536. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003536.
  130. Najjar, L.; Sutherland, J.; Zhou, A.; Hyppönen, E. Vitamin D and Type 1 Diabetes Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Genetic Evidence. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4260. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124260.
  131. Hou, Y.; Song, A.; Jin, Y.; Xia, Q.; Song, G.; Xing, X. A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 75, 1010-1023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-00813- 1.
  132. Nascimento, B.F.; Moreira, C.F.F.; da Fonseca, E.R.; Fedeszen, P.M.K.; de Paula, T.P.; de Sena, A.S.S.; de Almeida, N.F.A.; Bandeira Filho, O.C.S.; Curval, D.R.; Padilha, P.C. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2022, 35, 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2022-0044.
  133. Bogdanou, D.; Penna-Martinez, M.; Filmann, N.; Chung, T.L.; Moran-Auth, Y.; Wehrle, J.; Cappel, C.; Huenecke, S.; Herrmann, E.; Koehl, U.; et al. T-lymphocyte and glycemic status after vitamin D treatment in type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial with sequential crossover. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2017, 33, e2865. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2865.
  134. Cosentino, N.; Campodonico, J.; Milazzo, V.; De Metrio, M.; Brambilla, M.; Camera, M.; Marenzi, G. Vitamin D and Cardiovas­cular Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103603.
  135. Zittermann, A.; Trummer, C.; Theiler-Schwete, V.; Lerchbaum, E.; Marz, W.; Pilz, S. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062896.
  136. Ford, J.A.; MacLennan, G.S.; Avenell, A.; Bolland, M.; Grey, A.; Witham, M. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplemen­tation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 746-755. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.082602.
  137. Abboud, M. Vitamin D Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta­Analysis. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041163.
  138. Barbarawi, M.; Kheiri, B.; Zayed, Y.; Barbarawi, O.; Dhillon, H.; Swaid, B.; Yelangi, A.; Sundus, S.; Bachuwa, G.; Alkotob, M.L.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83,000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Cardiol. 2019, 4, 765-776. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1870.
  139. Dibaba, D.T. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2019, 77, 890-902. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz037.
  140. Wimalawansa, S.J. Causes, Benefits and Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency. J. Community Med. Public Health 2019, 2, 110.
  141. Garland, C.F.; Kim, J.J.; Mohr, S.B.; Gorham, E.D.; Grant, W.B.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Baggerly, L.; Hofflich, H.; Ramsdell, J.W.; Zeng, K.; et al. Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Public Health 2014, 104, 43­50. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302034.
  142. Papadimitriou, D.T. The Big Vitamin D Mistake. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2017, 50, 278-281. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.111.
  143. Guzek, D.; Koiota, A.; Lachowicz, K.; Skolmowska, D.; Stachon, M.; Gi bska, D. Association between Vitamin D Supplementa­tion and Mental Health in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 5156. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215156.
  144. Parva, N.R.; Tadepalli, S.; Singh, P.; Qian, A.; Joshi, R.; Kandala, H.; Nookala, V.K.; Cheriyath, P. Prevalence of Vitamin D Defi­ciency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012). Cureus 2018, 10, e2741. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2741. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2017. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Report.pdf (accessed on 12 April 2023).
  145. National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D. Available online: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ (ac­cessed on 12 April 2023).
  146. Sizar, O.; Khare, S.; Goyal, A.; Givler, A. Vitamin D Deficiency. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2024.
  147. Healthline. 7 Nutritionus Foods That Are High in Vitamin D. Available online: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/9-foods- high-in-vitamin-d#7.-Vitamin-D-fortified-foods (accessed on 15 July 2023).
  148. U. S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central. Available online: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ (accessed on 10 August 2023).
  149. Vaes, A.M.M.; Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M.; van der Zwaluw, N.L.; van Wijngaarden, J.P.; Berendsen, A.A.M.; van Schoor, N.; van der Velde, N.; Uitterlinden, A.; Lips, P.; Dhonukshe-Rutten, R.A.M.; et al. Food sources of vitamin D and their association with 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in Dutch older adults. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017, 173, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.10.004.
  150. Cashman, K.D. 100 years of vitamin D: Global differences in vitamin D status and dietary intake: A review of the data. Endocr. Connect. 2022, 11, e210282. https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-21-0282.
  151. Hribar, M.; Hristov, H.; Lavrisa, Z.; Korousic Seljak, B.; Gregoric, M.; Blaznik, U.; Zmitek, K.; Pravst, I. Vitamin D Intake in Slovenian Adolescents, Adults, and the Elderly Population. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103528.
  152. Ji, Y.; Plourde, H.; Bouzo, V.; Kilgour, R.D.; Cohen, T.R. Validity and Usability of a Smartphone Image-Based Dietary Assessment App Compared to 3-Day Food Diaries in Assessing Dietary Intake Among Canadian Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2020, 8, e16953. https://doi.org/10.2196/16953.
  153. Vernia, F.; Burrelli Scotti, G.; Bertetti, N.S.; Donato, G.; Necozione, S.; Vernia, P.; Pallotta, N. Low Vitamin K and Vitamin D Dietary Intake in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071678.
  154. Gi bska, D.; Uroic, V.; Guzek, D.; Pavic, E.; Bival, S.; Jaworska, K.; Giljevic, Z.; Lange, E. The Possibility of Applying the Vitamin D Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire as a Tool for a Country with No Vitamin D Data in Food Composition Tables. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091278.
  155. Mattila, P.; Lehikoinen, K.; Kiiskinen, T.; Piironen, V. Cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol content of chicken egg yolk as affected by the cholecalciferol content of feed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 4089-4092. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990183c.
  156. Singh, G.; Bonham, A.J. A predictive equation to guide vitamin D replacement dose in patients. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 2014, 27, 495-509. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.04.130306.
  157. Webb, A.; Kazanteidis, A.; Kift, R.; Farrar, M.; Wilkinson, J.; Rhodes, L. Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes. Nutrients 2018, 10, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040457.
  158. World Health Organization. Nutrient Adequacy of Exclusive Breastfeeding for the Term Infant during the First Six Months of Life. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42519/9241562110.pdf;jses– sionid=9D68A014855719F0F0E8D70C888186D6?sequence=1 (accessed on 15 April 2023).
  159. Martin, C.R.; Ling, P.R.; Blackburn, G.L. Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients 2016, 8, 279. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8050279.
  160. Wagner, C.L.; Greer, F.R.; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding, & American Academy of Pediatrics Com­mittee on Nutrition. Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatrics 2008, 122, 1142-1152. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1862.
  161. Montoro-Huguet, M.A.; Belloc, B.; Dominguez-Cajal, M. Small and Large Intestine (I): Malabsorption of Nutrients. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041254.
  162. Thani, N.S.I.A.; Khairudin, R.; Ho, J.J.; Muhamad, N.A.; Ismail, H. Vitamin D supplementation for overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019, 2019, CD011629. https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011629.pub2.
  163. Alshahrani, F.; Aljohani, N. Vitamin D: Deficiency, sufficiency and toxicity. Nutrients 2013, 5, 3605-3616. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093605.
  164. Neufingerl, N.; Eilander, A. Nutrient Intake and Status in Adults Consuming Plant-Based Diets Compared to Meat-Eaters: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021, 14, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010029.
  165. Marcus, J.F.; Shalev, S.M.; Harris, C.A.; Goodin, D.S.; Josephson, S.A. Severe Hypercalcemia Following Vitamin D Supplemen­tation in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2012, 69, 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.1199.
  166. Taylor, P.N.; Davies, J.S. A review of the growing risk of vitamin D toxicity from inappropriate practice. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2018, 84, 1121-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13573.
  167. Tebben, P.J.; Singh, R.J.; Kumar, R. Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Endocr. Rev. 2016, 37, 521-547. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2016-1070.
  168. Williams, S.; Malatesta, K.; Norris, K. Vitamin D and Chronic Kidney Disease. Ethn. Dis. 2009, 19 (Suppl. S5), S5-8-11. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2878736/ (accessed on 11 August 2023).
  169. Iruzubieta, P.; Teran, A.; Crespo, J.; Fabrega, E. Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. World J. Hepatol. 2014, 6, 901-915. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v6.i12.901.
  170. Efird, J.T.; Anderson, E.J.; Jindal, C.; Redding, T.S.; Thompson, A.D.; Press, A.M.; Upchurch, J.; Williams, C.D.; Choi, Y.M.; Su­zuki, A. The Interaction of Vitamin D and Corticosteroids: A Mortality Analysis of 26,508 Veterans Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010447.
  171. Baughman, R.P.; Lower, E.E. Goldilocks, vitamin D and sarcoidosis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2014, 16, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4568.
  172. Tripkovic, L.; Lambert, H.; Hart, K.; Smith, C.P.; Bucca, G.; Penson, S.; Chope, G.; Hyppönen, E.; Berry, J.; Vieth, R.; et al. Com­parison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 95, 1357-1364. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.031070.
  173. Vento, K.A.; Wardenaar, F.C. Third-Party Testing Nutritional Supplement Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use Among an NCAA I Collegiate Student-Athlete Population. Front. Sports Act. Living 2020, 2, 115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00115.
  174. Maroof, S.U.; Shaukat, F.; Aslam, J.; Jawaid, M. Use of Oral Vitamin-D Glass ampoule and tablet: Experience of patients and physicians. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2017, 33, 498-501. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.332.12454.
  175. Wagner, C.L.; Shary, J.R.; Nietert, P.J.; Wahlquist, A.E.; Ebeling, M.D.; Hollis, B.W. Bioequivalence Studies of Vitamin D Gum­mies and Tablets in Healthy Adults: Results of a Cross-Over Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051023.
  176. Dawson-Hughes, B.; Harris, S.S.; Lichtenstein, A.H.; Dolnikowski, G.; Palermo, N.J.; Rasmussen, H. Dietary Fat Increases Vita­min D-3 Absorption. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2015, 115, 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014.
  177. Rudrapal, M.; Chetia, D. Calcium and vitamin D through diet for healthy bones. Everyman's Sci. 2017, 52, 190-195.
  178. Uwitonze, A.M.; Razzaque, M.S. Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 2018, 118, 181-189. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2018.037.
  179. aykara, B.; Öztürk, G.; Mutlu, H.H.; Arslan, E. Relationship Between Vitamin D, Calcium, and Phosphorus Levels. J. Acad. Res. Med. 2020, 10, 252-257. https://doi.org/10.4274/jarem.galenos.2020.3351.
  180. van Ballegooijen, A.J.; Pilz, S.; Tomaschite, A.; Grübler, M.R.; Verheyen, N. The Synergistic Interplay between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2017, 2017, 7454376. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7454376.
  181. Ahsan, N.; Imran, M.; Mohammed, Y.; Al Anouti, F.; Khan, M.I.; Banerjee, T.; Adnan, M.; Ashfaq, F.; Kieliszek, M.; Ashraf, S.A.; et al. Mechanistic Insight into the role of Vitamin D and Zinc in Modulating Immunity Against COVID-19: A View from an Immunological Standpoint. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2023, 201, 5546-5560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03620-4.
  182. Yee, M.M.F.; Chin, K.Y.; Ima-Nirwana, S.; Wong, S.K. Vitamin A and Bone Health: A Review on Current Evidence. Molecules 2021, 26, 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061757.
  183. Chlebna-Sokoi, D.; Konstantynowicz, J.; Abramowicz, P.; Kulik-Rechberger, B.; Niedziela, M.; Obuchowicz, A.; Ziora, K.; Kara- lus-Gach, J.; Golec, J.; Michaius, I.; et al. Evidence of a significant vitamin D deficiency among 9-13-year-old Polish children: Results of a multicentre study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2019, 58, 2029-2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1756-4.
  184. Piudowski, P.; Kos-Kudia, B.; Walczak, M.; Fal, A.; Zozulinska-Zioikiewicz, D.; Sieroszewski, P.; Peregud-Pogorzelski, J.; Lau­terbach, R.; Targowski, T.; Lewinski, A.; et al. Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland. Nutrients 2023, 15, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030695.
  185. Sewerynek, E.; Cieslak, K.; Janik, M.; Gowin, E.; Stuss, M. Evaluation of vitamin D concentration in a population of young, healthy women—The effects of vitamin D supplementation. Endokrynol. Pol. 2017, 68, 533-540. https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.a2017.0042.
  186. Grant, W.B.; Boucher, B.J.; Al Anouti, F.; Pilz, S. Comparing the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Con­trolled Trials for Nonskeletal Health Effects of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3811. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183811.
  187. Jolliffe, D.A.; Camargo, C.A.; Sluyter, J.D.; Aglipay, M.; Aloia, J.F.; Ganmaa, D.; Bergman, P.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Borzuteky, A.; Damsgaard, C.T.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta­analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021, 9, 276-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00051-6.
  188. Sutherland, J.P.; Zhou, A.; Hypponen, E. Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in the UK Biobank: A Nonlinear Men- delian Randomization Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2022, 175, 1552-1559. https://doi.org/10.7326/m21-3324.
  189. Burt, L.A.; Billington, E.O.; Rose, M.S.; Raymond, D.A.; Hanley, D.A.; Boyd, S.K. Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementa­tion on Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Strength: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019, 322, 736-745. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.11889.
  190. Manson, J.E.; Cook, N.R.; Lee, I.M.; Christen, W.; Bassuk, S.S.; Mora, S.; Gibson, H.; Gordon, D.; Copeland, T.; D'Agostino, D.; et al. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 380, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1809944.
  191. Pittas, A.G.; Dawson-Hughes, B.; Sheehan, P.; Ware, J.H.; Knowler, W.C.; Aroda, V.R.; Brodsky, I.; Ceglia, L.; Chadha, C.; Chat­terjee, R.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 520-530. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1900906.
  192. Grant, W.B.; Bhattoa, H.P.; Boucher, B.J. Seasonal variations of U.S. mortality rates: Roles of solar ultraviolet-B doses, vitamin D, gene expression, and infections. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2017, 173, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.003.
  193. Grant, W.B.; Boucher, B.J. An Exploration of How Solar Radiation Affects the Seasonal Variation of Human Mortality Rates and the Seasonal Variation in Some Other Common Disorders. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122519.
  194. Crowe, F.L.; Steur, M.; Allen, N.E.; Appleby, P.N.; Travis, R.C.; Key, T.J. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: Results from the EPIC-Oxford study. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 340-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010002454.
  195. Hypponen, E.; Power, C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: Nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 860-868. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.3.860.
  196. Kroll, M.H.; Bi, C.; Garber, C.C.; Kaufman, H.W.; Liu, D.; Caston-Balderrama, A.; Zhang, K.; Clarke, N.; Xie, M.; Reite, R.E.; et al. Temporal Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Parathyroid Hormone in the United States. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0118108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118108.
  197. Kmiec, P.; Zmijewski, M.; Lizakowska-Kmiec, M.; Sworczak, K. Widespread vitamin D deficiency among adults from northern Poland (54° N) after months of low and high natural UVB radiation. Endokrynol. Pol. 2015, 66, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.2015.0006.
  198. Mason, R.S.; Rybchyn, M.S.; Abboud, M.; Brennan-Speranza, T.C.; Fraser, D.R. The Role of Skeletal Muscle in Maintaining Vit­amin D Status in Winter. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2019, 3, nzz087. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcdn%2Fnzz087.
  199. Rybchyn, M.S.; Abboud, M.; Puglisi, D.A.; Gordon-Thomson, C.; Brennan-Speranza, T.C.; Mason, R.S.; Fraser, D.R. Skeletal Muscle and the Maintenance of Vitamin D Status. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113270.
  200. Karlic, H.; Krammer, U.; Haslberger, A. Nutritional supplements for athletes and personalization; a short review. Funct. Food Sci. 2022, 2, 224-241. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v2i10.993.
  201. Segkin, A. .; Ate§, B.; Segkin, M. Review on Wearable Technology in Sports: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10399. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810399.
  202. Umpierrez, G.E.; Klonoff, D.C. Diabetes Technology Update: Use of Insulin Pumps and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital. Diabetes Care 2018, 41, 1579-1589. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0002.
  203. Dalle Carbonare, L.; Valenti, M.; del Forno, F.; Caneva, E.; Pietrobelli, A. Vitamin D: Daily vs. Monthly Use in Children and Elderly—What Is Going On? Nutrients 2017, 9, 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070652.
  204. Daiek, P.; Drabik, D.; Woiczanska, H.; Forys, A.; Jagas, M.; J druchniewicz, N.; Przybyto, M.; Witkiewicz, W.; Langner, M. Bioavailability by design—Vitamin D3 liposomal delivery vehicles. Nanomedicine 2022, 43, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2022.102552.

See also Vitamin D Binding Protein 178 items


Perhaps 100X difference in BLOOD-Level responses to identical Vitamin D dosing

Worst response
Worst form of vitamin D (oil-based and the person does not digest oils well)
Poor genes
Poor gut
Smoker
Asthmatic, COPD
Not taken with the largest meal of the day (thus less time in gut for absorption
Best Response
Water-based vitamin D
Also have adequate co-factors: Magnesium, Omega-3, and Boron etc
Have good genes or use a form that by-passes a poor gene


Perhaps a 500X difference in CELL-Level responses to identical Vitamin D dosing

the following genes have been proven to restrict Vitamin D in blood from getting to cells
CYP3A4, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, Vitamin D Receptor, Vitamin D Binding Protein
There are many ways to bypass each of those restrictions
See Genetics for details

  • At the suggestion of VitaminDWiki, it is now possible to measure Vitamin D at the cell-level
    But at $200 and with no data on the results
    , virtually no one buys the test