Low sun exposure acts synergistically with high EBNA-1 antibody levels in MS etiology
Eur J Neurol. 2021 Aug 26. doi: 10.1111/ene.15082 Publisher want $20 for the PDF
Anna Karin Hedström 1 2, Jesse Huang 2, Nicole Brenner 3, Julia Butt 3, Ingrid Kockum 2, Tim Waterboer 3, Tomas Olsson 2, Lars Alfredsson 1 2 4
- Multiple Sclerosis risk factors – Vitamin D, parasites, and EBV – 2015
- Hypothesis of Autoimmunity which includes Barr Virus and Vitamin D Deficiency – 2012
- Search VitaminDWiki for " Epstein-Barr virus" 246 items as of Aug 2021
- MS causes explored - vitamin D is in 2 of the 4 pathways - 2009
- EBV is also in 2 of the 4 pathways
Items in both categories multiples Sclerosis and Virus:
- COVID infections or vaccinations may increase Multiple Sclerosis (if low D) - several studies
- Autoimmune diseases caused in first day after COVID Vaccination - Oct 2023
- Epstein-Barr Virus may be a prerequisite for Multiple Sclerosis - July 2023
- Diseases treated by high-dose Vitamin D - many studies
- 36% of Multiple Sclerosis patients got worse after mild to severe COVID– June 2022
- Multiple Sclerosis Risk factors include virus such as Human Herpesvirus 6A – many studies
- Epstein-Barr virus increases risk of Multiple Sclerosis by 32X - Jan 2022
- COVID death rate was 3X lower in those with Multiple Sclerosis (85 pcnt were taking Vitamin D) - Jan 2022
- Multiple Sclerosis risk increased if both Epstein-Bar Virus and low sun (vitamin D) – Aug 2021
- Multiple Sclerosis patients had fewer COVID-19 problems (Note: many MSers take Vitamin D) – April 30, 2021
- Infectious mononucleosis and lack of UV linearly linked to MS in England – April 2011
- Multiple Sclerosis etc. strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (and vitamin D)
VitaminDWiki pages containing EPSTEIN in title
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Background: Among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, an association has been observed between low levels of vitamin D and high Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) antibody levels. However, whether sun exposure/vitamin D moderates the role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in MS etiology is unclear. We aimed to investigate potential synergistic effects between low sun exposure and elevated EBNA-1 antibody levels regarding MS risk.
Methods: We used a population-based case-control study involving 2017 incident cases of MS and 2443 matched controls. We used logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios of MS with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in subjects with different sun exposure habits and EBNA-1 status. Potential interaction on the additive scale was evaluated by calculating the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP).
Results: Low sun exposure acted synergistically with high EBNA-1 antibody levels (AP 0.2, 95% CI 0.03-0.3) in its association to increased MS risk. The interaction was present regardless of HLA-DRB1*15:01 status.
Conclusions: Low sun exposure may either directly, or indirectly by affecting vitamin D levels, synergistically reinforce pathogenic mechanisms, such as aspects of the adaptive immune response, related to MS risk conveyed by EBV infection.