Summary
Both D3 and D2 factors
age, gender, puberty stage, body mass index, physical activity, household income, maternal education
D3-only factors
ethnicity, vitamin D intake, time spent outdoors, and UVB protection score
D2-only factors
protein and carbohydrate intake, parent’s social class, and housing tenure
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Risk Factors for Variation in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 Concentrations and Vitamin D Deficiency in Children
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism January 25, 2012 jc.2011-2516
Anna-Maija Tolppanen,
Abigail Fraser,
William D. Fraser and
Debbie A. Lawlor d.a.lawlor at bristol.ac.uk.
Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (A.-M.T., A.F., D.A.L.), Department of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom; and Norwich Medical School (W.D.F.), University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Context: Vitamin D status is believed to be best indicated by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; consisting of 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2] that are obtained from different sources. Suboptimal vitamin D status is common and associated with adverse health outcomes.
Objectives: The objectives were to report the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and determine associations of characteristics that have been shown to relate to total 25(OH)D with 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 concentrations.
Design and Setting: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is a population-based contemporary birth cohort (children born in 1991–1992) from southwest England.
Participants and Outcome Measures: Seven thousand five hundred sixty children with serum 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 concentrations measured at the mean age of 9.9 yr participated in the study.
Results: Vitamin D deficiency [total 25(OH)D concentration <20 ng/ml] was common (29%). The main risk factors were winter season, less time spent outdoors, low socioeconomic position, nonwhite ethnicity, older age, more advanced puberty stage, and female gender. Although there were some common risk factors for lower 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 concentrations (age, gender, puberty stage, body mass index, physical activity, household income, maternal education), several characteristics were associated with 25(OH)D3 only (ethnicity, vitamin D intake, time spent outdoors, and UVB protection score) and others with 25(OH)D2 only (protein and carbohydrate intake, parent’s social class, and housing tenure).
Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was common in this contemporary U.K. cohort. Despite some overlap, there are differences in potential confounding structures for associations of 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2 with health outcomes. These should be accounted for in future studies.
Received September 9, 2011. Accepted December 30, 2011.
Copyright © 2012 by The Endocrine Society
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See also VitaminDWiki
- Overview D3 vs D2
- All items in category D3 vs D2 40 items as Feb 2012