Fixing Vitamin D Deficiency: Oral supplementation helps ensure normal skeletal development.

Joe VanSickle, Feb. 15, 2012 National Hog Farmer

(Single 40,000 IU may have stopped rickets in the piglets)

Meeting the vitamin D requirements of young pigs can be a complex task. Steve Henry, DVM, Abilene Animal Hospital, has made some startling discoveries about vitamin D deficiency while investigating structural problems in pigs diagnosed with periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome.

Humans enjoy a select group of foods and supplements, as well as sunlight, to help boost vitamin D levels to ensure health and wellness. But for today’s pigs, meeting those nutritional needs is much more complex.

For starters, pigs receive only a little vitamin D, a fat-soluble substance needed for growth and bone development, from sow’s colostrum, and almost none from sow’s milk, explains Steve Henry, DVM, Abilene Animal Hospital.

Henry and colleagues at the Abilene (KS) Animal Hospital made these discoveries while investigating structural problems in pigs diagnosed with periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (PFTS).

Turns out these pigs are candidates for rickets along with health issues that impede their growth and performance.
Some of these pigs heal naturally, but several in the groups the clinic has tested over time have had skeletal problems.

Clinic swine veterinarian Megan Potter made a startling discovery: serum concentrations of vitamin D levels in the PFTS piglets ranged from almost undetectable levels up to about 3 nanograms/ml. of blood. She and associates also bled pigs from 10 herds of normal, 3-week-old pigs and learned the readings were the same as those of the PFTS pigs. This suggested vitamin D deficiency may be widespread.

Recent analyses from serum samples collected by Abilene Animal Hospital and Iowa State University and analyzed at Heartland Assays (www.HeartlandAssays.com) confirmed that pigs have lower-than-expected concentrations of vitamin D at weaning. Those levels are considered inadequate for proper bone development and overall health in young pigs.

Research Trial

Those concerns spurred Henry to collaborate with researchers Ron Horst of Heartland Assays and Jesse Goff of Iowa State University to find a way to provide piglets with vitamin D. The pair developed an oral bolus dose that can be given to 2-3-day-old piglets to boost serum levels until pigs reach weaning and are placed on feed that can be supplemented with vitamin D as necessary. Henry reports the solution consists of vitamin D with peanut oil that enhances absorption by the pig.
(Note by VitaminDWiki - almond oil would be much better)

To test the value of vitamin D supplementation in piglets, Kansas State University (KSU) graduate student Josh Flohr led a team of KSU researchers in reviewing product supplementation at two levels, 40,000 and 80,000 international units, against a control model. In a 52-day trial, 270 pigs from 29 PIC litters were dosed at two days of age. Pigs were weighed and bled at periodic intervals before weaning. On Day 20, pigs were weaned and placed in a nursery and fed standard diets. Thirty pigs were also necropsied — 18 preweaning and 12 postweaning.

Increasing oral vitamin D3 levels increased serum concentrations on Day 10, 20 and 30, compared to control group pigs, and treated pigs were 0.3 lb. heavier than control pigs whether dosed with 40,000 or 80,000 international units of vitamin D. But during the nursery phase (Day 20-52), no significant differences were seen in average daily gain, average daily feed intake or feed conversion. On Day 52, pigs previously dosed with vitamin D3 were 0.5 lb. heavier than control pigs.

However, the KSU research showed that oral vitamin D supplementation did not influence growth performance nor bone measurements. And surprising to Henry and colleagues, serum 25 (OH) D or 25-hydroxy vitamin D in pigs treated preweaning had returned to values of untreated control pigs by Day 52.

Limited Progress

Henry says at this point, the data is not conclusive as to actions that need to be taken in light of vitamin D deficiencies in piglets. But there’s no doubt that vitamin D supplementation producing a heavier weaned pig is a positive development. In his experience, preweaning mortality rates have declined, but that hasn’t been the case for everyone, he says.

“When you boil this all down, it appears to be very much like iron.
When pigs are raised indoors, they are going to be vitamin D deficient,” he says.
Ironically, pigs left out in sunshine are the most efficient at using sunlight to produce vitamin D in their skin of all of the domestic animals.

Product Development

The biggest debate in veterinarians’ minds has focused on how to supplement pigs, Henry notes. Providing oral supplementation seems to be the best approach because the product is classified as a nutrient, not a pharmaceutical. This eliminates lengthy steps and added cost to license a product through the Food and Drug Administration. Oral nutritional products simply require state licensing. Mixing vitamin D with an iron product, a common request, won’t work because the oxidative properties of iron would destroy vitamin D.

Goff and associates developed a vitamin D product known as Wean-D manufactured by GlycoMyr, Inc. (www.glycomyr.com) that contains 40,000 international units of D3 available in a palatable mix to be given orally in a single dose to piglets in the first week of life. Product cost is $65 for 1,000 doses or an estimated 6 cents/pig.

Why Now?

This issue has been casting a shadow over the swine industry ever since pigs were moved indoors, but recent events bear out production changes that have exacerbated this situation, Henry says.

He speculates that the vitamin D deficiency became clinically apparent with the swine industry’s move to 21-day weaning.
“Genetics have improved and now instead of a 10- lb., 14-day-old weaned pig, we have a 21-day-old pig that weighs 16 lb.
That pig started out as a 3-½-lb. pig, and in 21 days has increased its weight five-fold, on the same supply of vitamin D that it had before,” he explains.

Producers have tried to compensate by placing nursery pigs on diets supplemented with vitamin D.
But with vitamin D, that doesn’t work.
Once the vertebral bone damage is done in the young pig, it cannot be reversed, Henry says.

Important First Step

Vitamin D deficiency is much more than a vitamin nutritional issue; it’s a secosteroid encompassing all facets of pig biology, affecting all the cells in the body and playing a huge role in immunity, Henry explains.

Continuing concerns over PFTS and now vitamin D deficiency are being addressed in many fields by a research consortium Henry established at Kansas State University, Iowa State University, the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Guelph and USDA’s Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Funding has come from the Canadian government and the National Pork Board.

Oral supplementation is an important first step in producing normal weaned pigs that have an opportunity to thrive.

“I think we’ve made a huge step. I think if we have done nothing else, we have helped pigs to survive to weaning that are structurally more sound,” Henry asserts.

The next steps in figuring out how to solve related metabolic, physiologic and health issues will require the scientific collaboration of many colleagues, he adds.
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Related story: Vitamin D-Treated Pigs Perform Better

Vitamin D deficiency can put young pigs at risk for skeletal problems.

Last February, Iowa swine veterinarian Paul Armbrecht saw the classic case of vitamin D deficiency in a 400-sow, farrow-to-finish operation housed in one building complex.

“In this system, the workers run the pigs from the nursery down the central hallway to the finisher maybe 300 ft. away.
When these pigs got to the finishing floor, almost 30% of them ended up sitting like dogs because they had broken their legs or their hips,” he says.

These pigs were running at their own pace, not being driven or prodded.
“They were healthy pigs that just stopped, squealed and sat down. They had to be euthanized,” he says.

Young and old sows alike were tested and all had relatively high readings of vitamin D, Armbrecht says.
But when pigs from those sows were tested, vitamin D levels were very low.

Armbrecht acquired some early samples of Wean-D from GlycoMyr (the firm licensing the product) and gave it to piglets. “Pigs that were dosed at Day 2-4 had vitamin D levels that were at least five times higher than non-treated pigs. Producers can give this product at processing. It’s cheap, people are handling the pig anyway and they can get this problem out of the way,” Armbrecht stresses.

“What we have seen is pigs that have normal vitamin D at weaning (following supplementation) are more active, eat their allocated feed and are heavier leaving the nursery,” he comments.

Diagnosis Important

Much work is being performed at Iowa State University to learn more about the factors that may play a role in the cause of vitamin D deficiency in piglets. But for Armbrecht, what’s crucial is diagnosis. “If you see increased lameness, do routine post-mortem examinations. If pigs are lame and they don’t respond to medication, then they’ve got broken legs and it is due to a vitamin D deficiency,” he believes.

Until the root cause is determined, Armbrecht says oral dosing piglets appears to be a pretty good solution.
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Strange that they did not seem to consider giving more vitamin D to the sows

See also VitaminDWiki

• Overview Veterinary and Vitamin D
• Swine need sunshine or 500-2800 IU vitamin D3 daily this was known back in the 1990's
• All items in category Veterinary and D 151 items
• Piglets get more vitamin D than recommended by the govt, for piglets or humans – March 2012