Immune systems of males and females differ through life – focus on TB and COVID – Feb 2023

---

Vitamin D and estrogen steroid hormones and their immunogenetic roles in Infectious respiratory (TB and COVID-19) diseases

Genetics and Molecular Biology, 46, 1(suppl 2), e20220158 (2023) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2022-0158
Maria Eduarda de Albuquerque Borborema1,2, Thays Maria Costa de Lucena1,2 and Jaqueline de Azevedo Silva1,2

• 1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratòrio de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil.
• 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Lifetime Immune Profile

The role of steroid hormones against infectious diseases has been extensively studied. From immunomodulatory action to direct inhibition of microorganism growth, hormones D3 (VD3) and 17p-estradiol (E2), and the genetic pathways modulated by them, are key targets for a better understanding pathogenesis of infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) such as tuberculosis (TB) and the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Currently, the world faces two major public health problems, the outbreak of COVID-19, accounting for more than 6 million so far, and TB, more than 1 million deaths per year. Both, although resulting from different pathogens, the Mtb and the SARS-CoV-2, respectively, are considered serious and epidemic. TB and COVID-19 present similar infection rates between men and women, however the number of complications and deaths resulting from the two infections is higher in men when compared to women in childbearing age, which may indicate a role of the sex hormone E2 in the context of these diseases. E2 and VD3 act upon key gene pathways as important immunomodulatory players and supporting molecules in IRDs. This review summarizes the main roles of these hormones (VD3 and E2) in modulating immune and inflammatory responses and their relationship with TB and COVID-19.
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki

---

VitaminDWiki - 6 studies in both categories Immunity and Women

This list is automatically updated

---

VitaminDWiki – Immunity category contains

273 items in Immunity category

    see also

Virus category listing has 1395 items along with related searches

Overview Influenza and vitamin D
Vitamin D helps both the innate and adaptive immune systems fight COVID-19 – Jan 2022
Vitamin D aids the clearing out of old cells (autophagy) – many studies
600,000 IU of Vitamin D (total) allowed previously weak immune systems to fight off a virus antigen - Nov 2020
Search for treg OR "t-cell" in VitaminDWiki 1440 items as of Jan 2020
228 VitaminDWiki pages contained "infection" in title (June 2024)
Search VitaminDWik for BACTERIA in title 25 items as of Aug 2019
Vitamin D and the Immune System – chapter Aug 2019
7X less risk of influenza if Vitamin D levels higher than 30 ng – Oct 2017
Common cold prevented and treated by Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea – review April 2018
Vitamin D improves T Cell immunity – RCT Feb 2016
Immune system - great 11-minute animated video - Aug 2021
   Only the brain is more complex, nothing about Vitamin D
18 titles in VitaminDWiki contained INNATE or ADAPTIVE as of Jan 2023
Increasing publications on vitamin D and Infection

52 studies are in both Immunity and Virus categories

---

VitaminDWiki – Tuberculosis category contains

124 Tuberculosis studies:    15 RCT,   14 Meta-analyses,  8 Vitamin D Receptor

• TB patients had low Vitamin D and poor Vitamin D receptor – June 2019
• Tuberculosis recovery speeded up by single 450,000 IU dose of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2017
  • Receptor-related diseases respond especially well to high-dose Vitamin D
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis 2X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (Mexico) – April 2018
• TB not prevented by a small amount of Vitamin D (2,000 IU daily average, Mongolia) – RCT July 2020
• Tuberculosis -100 percent cure rate with 10,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT 2006
• Latent Tuberculosis 44 percent less likely if Vitamin D more than 30 ng - 14th meta-analysis Jan 2022
• Tuberculosis (multi-drug resistant) was 13.4 X more likely to be quickly cleared with Vitamin D - Meta-analysis Feb 2019
• No tuberculosis if more than 80 ng of vitamin D (cattle) - Jan 2022

see also Overview Tuberculosis and Vitamin D    Breathing category
TB has been increasing

---

VitaminDWiki – Overview Tuberculosis and Vitamin D contains

Many studies have found that Vitamin D both PREVENTS and TREATS TB

• As with many other diseases, we expect that there will be at least a 4X range of vitamin D due to:
  • 4X range in the response in the vitamin D blood level for the same IU dose - for healthy, non-obese, people
• Poor Vitamin D Receptor activation results in far less vitamin D getting to cells
  • However, a VDR restriction is not noticed by Vitamin D blood tests
• UV appears to be as powerful or perhaps more powerful than vitamin D in TREATING TB
• Tuberculosis -100 percent cure rate with 10,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT 2006
• TB 10X less likely to catch if have sufficient vitamin D – Dec 2011
• Trials using small vitamin D doses neither prevent nor treat TB 2023    2022    2020
• No tuberculosis if more than 80 ng of vitamin D (cattle) - Jan 2022
  • Humans need a lot of Vitamin D as well

TB and vitamin D 124 items

---

VitaminDWiki - 5 studies in both categories Autoimmune and Women

This list is automatically updated