The Association Among Maternal Index of Nutritional Quality, Dietary Antioxidant Index, and Odds of Miscarriage Incidence: Case-Control Study
J Am Coll Nutr. 2021 Mar 30;1-8. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1880987
Farhad Vahid 1, Diana Rahmani 2, Sayed Hossein Davoodi 3, Azita Hekmatdoost 3
Vitamin D
- Recurrent pregnancy loss (miscarriage) is associated with low vitamin D in 6 ways – March 2021
- Spontaneous Miscarriage strongly associated with 2 vitamin D genes – March 2020
- Recurrent miscarriage occurs 2.2 more often if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2019
- Miscarriage 32 percent more likely if work night shift (probably low Vitamin D) – April 2019
- Second miscarriage associated with low vitamin D – review June 2018
- Miscarriage in 29 VitaminDWiki titles as of Dec 2021
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for details
Problem | Vit. D Reduces | Evidence |
| 0. Chance of not conceiving | 3.4 times | Observe |
| 1. Miscarriage | 2.5 times | Observe |
| 2. Pre-eclampsia | 3.6 times | RCT |
| 3. Gestational Diabetes | 3 times | RCT |
| 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality | 3.5 times | Observe |
| 5. Premature birth | 2 times | RCT |
| 6. C-section - unplanned | 1.6 times | Observe |
| Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 | 4 times | RCT - Omega-3 |
| 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy | 1.4 times | RCT |
| 8. Small for Gestational Age | 1.6 times | meta-analysis |
| 9. Infant height, weight, head size within normal limits | RCT | |
| 10. Childhood Wheezing | 1.3 times | RCT |
| 11. Additional child is Autistic | 4 times | Intervention |
| 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 times | Observe |
| 13. Preeclampsia in young adult | 3.5 times | RCT |
| 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 | 1.4 times | Observe |
| 15. Childhood Mite allergy | 5 times | RCT |
| 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits | 2.5 times | RCT |
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
Vitamin B12
Items in both categories Pregnancy and Vitamin B12 are listed here:
- Prenatal Vitamin B12 improves brains, 13 of 19 studies – May 2024
- Recurrent pregnancy loss (miscarriage) risk should be reduced by vitamin D, vitamin B12 – March 2021
- Vitamin B12 levels drop a lot during adolescent pregnancies – Feb 2019
- Vitamin B12 in addition to Foliate is needed to reduce neural tube defects – July 2018
- Autism 17 times more likely with excessive Folic Acid and B-12 (now added to bread) – May 2016
Vitamin B12 includes the following
Vitamin B12 is not a cofactor of Vitamin D, but it is often needed with Vitamin D
Surfing the web finds
- B12 deficiency increases with age
- B12 appears to have no toxic upper limit
- Some people get frequent B12 injections or I.V to restore levels
- Injection probably be needed
- Only a small portion of B12 taken orally gets into the bloodstream
- Sublingual B12 does not have that problem
- Vitamin B12 – great improvements with nano forms – March 2021
- B12 is stored in the liver – half-life of > 2 years - But. Dr. Greger says to take it weekly or daily
- B12 deficiency symptoms include poor gut - which can reduce uptake of Vitamin D
- unless use gut-friendly forms of Vitamin D, including topical
- B12 can be supplemented via pills, sublingual, transdermal patch, injection, emulsion, and spray
- As with Vitamin D, a massive (loading) dose can restore levels quickly
- Nano forms of B12 are more bio-available - as with many other supplements
Objective: Miscarriage is a pregnancy condition in which the fetus or embryo naturally dies before being able to survive independently. According to studies, diet and dietary factors are associated with the risk of miscarriage (pregnancies <20 weeks). A 168-item semi-quantitative feed frequency questionnaire was used to estimate the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). We aimed to assess the relationship between INQ and DAI with odds of miscarriage.
Method: In summary, 135 Iranian women with a history of three or more miscarriages were included. We calculated the INQ using the following formula: INQ = consumed amount of a nutrient per 1,000 kcal/Recommended Dietary Allowance of that nutrient per 1,000 kcal. We standardized each dietary vitamins/minerals by subtracting the global mean and dividing the result by the universal standard deviation to compute DAI. We computed the DAI by summing up the standardized intakes of these vitamins and minerals and equal weight.
Results: Regression models were used to extract the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in crude and multivariate adjustments. Controls significantly had higher INQ of vitamin B12, niacin, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, and zinc. Modeling INQs of vitamin D (OR: 0.004, 95% CI, 0.00-0.025) and B12 (OR: 0.04, 95% CI, 0.005-0.41) as a continuous variable showed a significant and protective effect in multivariate adjustment. Modeling DAI as a categorical variable showed a significant protective effect (ORDAI<0.054vs.DAI ≥0.054 = 0.43, 95% CI, 0.20-0.91).
Conclusions: Recommending a diet rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E, C, zinc, and selenium and a quality diet containing vitamins B12 and D can be considered an effective strategy to reduce the odds of miscarriage in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage.
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