Summary of Vitamin D Cost-Effectiveness in VitaminDWiki

What VitaminDWiki's "Cost Savings" Tag (168 Pages) Shows About Vitamin D Savings Oct. 2026

The tag's main finding is that vitamin D is extremely cheap and the problems it is linked to are extremely expensive. The best support comes from about a dozen formal cost-effectiveness models and a handful of hospital studies, and they consistently find vitamin D cost-saving or cost-effective. Most of the remaining pages are advocacy, extrapolation, or commentary on the business of medicine. A minority of pages report null or disputed results, mostly at low doses (about 800 IU).

TL;DR

Headline result: The strongest peer-reviewed examples in the tag are cost-saving. Supplementing every German aged 50+ was estimated to prevent almost 30,000 cancer deaths a year, with €254 million in net savings. Calcium plus vitamin D for everyone with osteoporosis was estimated to net €5.7 billion a year in the EU and $3.3 billion in the US. A high-dose ICU protocol cut per-patient ICU costs from about $51,000 to about $24,000.
Evidence quality varies: Formal models (Germany, Ireland, UK rickets, Iran, Colombia, Frost & Sullivan fractures) are the most rigorous. ICU and pregnancy figures come mostly from non-randomized hospital programs (Matthews in Atlanta; MUSC with GrassrootsHealth). The biggest national figures (Canada $12.5B/yr, US "$400B/yr", COVID "$9 vs $900,000") are Grant-style extrapolations or VitaminDWiki's own back-of-envelope estimates.
What to fix as editor: Several page titles overstate their source. The "300X ROI" pregnancy RCT found no significant difference in healthcare use. The asthma "willing to pay $5,180" is really a country cost-per-QALY threshold. Item counts quoted inside pages (139 to 168) have drifted. Low-dose null results deserve a clear "why savings were not found" section.

Key Findings

1. Scope and shape of the collection. The tag listing reports "168 total pages" across 9 listing pages, sorted newest first [VDW tag page]. In-page counters for the older "Cost savings with Vitamin D" category read 139, 143, 144, 151, 153, 155, 161 and 165 at different times, which shows steady growth [VDW Deployment page]. The oldest identifiable pages date from about 2009–2011: - "Companies and individuals will benefit from more vitamin D" cites a March 2009 estimate of $1,346 per person per year [VDW Companies page]. - "HMO extra" is labeled an initial draft from December 2010 [VDW HMO extra]. - "HMOs will save millions" cites trial counts as of September 2011 [VDW HMOs page].

The newest pages are from 2026: the MAHA summary (August 2026), the 12-experts video summary (May 2026), and the Grant podcast (May 2026) [VDW tag page]. Over time the collection has shifted. Early pages (2009–2014) are mostly HMO, employer and ROI arguments. The middle period (2015–2019) adds ICU, pregnancy and fracture studies. Later pages (2020–2023) add formal cost-effectiveness models (Germany, Iran, Colombia, Ireland) and COVID. The most recent pages (2025–2026) lean toward health-policy commentary: why medicine ignores an unpatentable nutrient, deductibles, MAHA, and GLP-1/obesity costs to employers.

2. The supplement costs almost nothing. The tag repeatedly compares cents with thousands of dollars: - VitaminDWiki's low-cost-supplier pages list 5,000 IU capsules at 2.5–5 cents each [[VDW low-cost D](https://vitamindwiki.com/pages/low-cost-vitamin-d-including-liquid-and-bulk/)] [VDW one pill every 2 weeks]. - The "Biology of Vitamin D" page (February 2019) quotes "vitamin D treatment cost of $12/year versus, average cost for managing complications, of $6,000 to 20,000/year per affected person" [VDW Biology of D]. That is treatment at under 0.1% of the cost of complications.

This cost asymmetry drives almost every savings claim in the tag.

3. Most-cited and largest claims.

National and population scale: - Canada: raising Canadians to 100 nmol/L (40 ng/mL) would prevent about 23,000 premature deaths and save "$12.5 ± 6 billion" a year in direct health care expenses and indirect costs (Grant, Whiting, Schwalfenberg, Genuis & Kimball, Dermato-Endocrinology 2016) [VDW Canada 40 ng]. The ±$6 billion range accounts for VitaminDWiki's page title of $6–18 billion. - US: the Matthews 2017 paper repeats Grant's 2009 projection that the US "could potentially reduce healthcare costs by $400 billion per year" [VDW ICU $27,000]. - Germany: almost 30,000 cancer deaths prevented per year [Niedermaier 2021]. - EU and US: €5.7 billion and $3.3 billion per year in fracture savings [Frost & Sullivan 2019].

Per patient: - ICU: $27,000 saved per patient (Matthews, Atlanta) [VDW WOW facts]. - Preterm birth: the Institute of Medicine's 2007 report "Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention" put the societal cost at "$51,600 per infant born preterm" (a 2016 CDC update gives $64,815) [VDW preterm].

Per event (VitaminDWiki estimate): - COVID: "Prevent a COVID death: 9 dollars of Vitamin D or 900,000 dollars of vaccine" (August 2023) [VDW Top news].

4. Recurring authors and groups. - William B. Grant (Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center) is the most frequent figure: Canada 2016, Europe 2009, Saudi Arabia/UAE 2023, "Vitamin D benefits ignored" 2022, and podcasts in 2022 and 2026 [Saudi/UAE 2023]. - Leslie Matthews and Omar Danner (Morehouse/Grady ICU) supply nearly all of the ICU cost data. - GrassrootsHealth (Carole Baggerly), with Hollis and Wagner at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), supplies the preterm-birth economics. - Brenner's German Cancer Research Center team (Niedermaier and colleagues) supplies the German cancer model. - Frost & Sullivan supplies the fracture model [Frost & Sullivan 2019]. - Iranian Ministry of Health teams supply the adolescent diabetes and depression models. - Henry Lahore's own ROI calculations (HMO, employer, pregnancy rebate) appear throughout [VDW HMOs page].

Countries most represented are the US (by far), Canada, Germany, Iran, the UK, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia/UAE, Ireland and Colombia.

Details by Theme

Population-wide and national healthcare savings

Germany, cancer (most rigorous national model).
- Method: Niedermaier et al. (Molecular Oncology 2021) multiplied cancer deaths above age 50 by the 13% cancer-mortality reduction from RCT meta-analyses. They valued each death at €40,000 in end-of-life care and costed 1,000 IU/day at €25 per person per year [Niedermaier 2021].
- Result: "almost 30 000 cancer deaths per year at approximate costs of €900 million and savings of €1.154 billion, suggesting net savings of €254 million" [Niedermaier 2021].
- Dose sensitivity: Grant's summary notes that 2,000 IU/day was modeled at a 17% reduction for twice the cost [VDW Grant Jan 2022].
Canada. Grant and colleagues (Dermato-Endocrinology 2016) estimated that 100 nmol/L for all Canadians would prevent about 23,000 premature deaths and save "$12.5 ± 6 billion" a year, a figure that covers both direct health care expenses and indirect costs [VDW Canada 40 ng]. VitaminDWiki added its own adjustment: an assumed $100 per person per year program cost across 32 million people ($3.2 billion) gives net savings of $3–15 billion, "$250 per Canadian". It also suggests indirect costs "might increase the cost savings by 10X". That is speculative.
Saudi Arabia and UAE. Grant, Al Anouti and colleagues (Biomedicines 2023) estimated large reductions in incidence and mortality from raising 25(OH)D to 30 ng/mL [Saudi/UAE 2023]. The site's title is "Reduce 4 health problems by a quarter." This is a health-outcome model, not a currency estimate.
Iran. One page says "Giving free vitamin D to every Iranian would pay for itself by just reducing CVD" (October 2021). Two formal Ministry-perspective analyses are also tagged [VDW category page]:
- The adolescent 50,000 IU program was cost-effective for preventing adult type 2 diabetes [Iran T2DM 2021].
- The school program for depression was "a cost-effective and a dominant strategy" at $1,528.67 per QALY [Iran depression 2023].
Ireland. Supplementing deficient older adults came in under the €20,000/QALY threshold in all age groups, and was most cost-effective at age 70+. Drug costs were about 41% of €9.0 million in annual costs, and about 84% of the offsets came from avoided fractures [Ireland medRxiv]. First posted on medRxiv, the analysis is now peer-reviewed (Lacey et al., BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 2022). For adults ≥70 it reports "approximately €5.6 million, 1044 QALYs gained, with a cost/QALY of approximately €5400."
US, per person. The older "Companies and individuals" page cites a 2009 claim that mass supplementation "would save about $1346 per year in healthcare costs per person," with 3,000 IU/day costing about $10 a year [VDW Companies page]. The claim reached the page through a secondary commentary site, so it is the weakest-sourced national figure in the tag.

Falls, fractures and osteoporosis

Frost & Sullivan cost-benefit analysis (Archives of Osteoporosis 2019). The model covered adults 50+ with osteoporosis and assumed a 14% reduction in fracture risk. If all of them took calcium plus vitamin D, there would be "544,687 fewer fractures/year in the EU and 323,566 fewer in the US," saving over €6.9 billion and $3.9 billion. Net benefit is €5,710,277,330 and $3,312,236,252 a year [Frost & Sullivan 2019]. The VitaminDWiki page from September 2013 is titled "Save 2 billion dollars annually," which does not match the published figures [VDW Deployment page]. A separate 2017 Frost & Sullivan report, commissioned by Food Supplements Europe, covered 27.8 million EU adults 55+ with osteoporosis and projected "186,690 fewer fractures every year with potential savings of €3.96 billion," or €3.47 returned per €1 spent (NutraIngredients, February 2017). The page should be reconciled with both reports.
Other fracture pages [VDW fractures overview].
- "Reducing fractures with Vitamin D and Calcium saves 3 dollars for 1 dollar invested" (Europe, February 2017).
- "UK would save at least 636 million dollars annually by giving 800 IU vitamin D free to all seniors" (June 2014). This counted hip fractures only.
- "Fracture treatment 2000 dollars less expensive if also use Vitamin D and Calcium" (February 2023).
Fracture nonunions (US single-hospital model). Giving $8 of supplements (1,600 IU D plus 1,200 mg calcium for 8 weeks) to all orthopedic trauma patients would cut nonunions by an assumed 5%. That would avoid 4.6 nonunions a year at $16,941 each, saving $78,030 a year [VDW nonunion page].
Screening vs. universal supplementation for falls (Lee et al.). Both strategies were cost-effective. Screening was slightly better overall (women: incremental net monetary benefit $224 vs $189) and clearly better at age 80 (women: $563 vs $428) [Lee et al.].

ICU, trauma and surgery

This is the tag's strongest per-patient savings evidence, but it is concentrated in one US group.

Matthews et al., 2017, Grady surgical ICU in Atlanta [VDW ICU $27,000].
- Sample: 316 patients, 89.5% African American.
- ICU costs by regimen: weekly 50,000 IU, $50,934; 50,000 IU daily for 5 days, $44,465; 50,000 IU daily for 7 days, $24,433. ICU stays were 13.2, 11.5 and 6.3 days. Both differences were significant (p=0.021).
- Mortality fell from 11.0% to 6.4%, but this was not significant (p=0.486).
- Caveat: VitaminDWiki itself notes the method of assigning patients to groups was not reported, and there was no group that received no vitamin D.
Matthews heart-attack paper (2018 page). With 50,000 IU daily for 7 days vs a weekly regimen, subsequent heart attacks were 3.9% vs 7.8%, ICU days 7.8 vs 11.7, and ICU cost $30,093 vs $45,283 [VDW surgery 50,000 IU]. Earlier pages report this as "$37,000 by $20 of Vitamin D" (November 2015) [VDW sepsis].
Observational baseline. In Matthews 2012, surgical ICU patients with low vitamin D cost $51,413 vs $20,414 and had 11.9% vs 0% mortality [VDW hospital infection 2017].
Malpractice. One trauma unit paid "$26 million" in three malpractice suits from 1995 to 2007, and "zero dollars" in the decade after adopting loading doses [VDW malpractice]. This comes from an essay and is anecdotal.
RCTs on length of stay (no cost data).
- "18 fewer hospital days if given 500,000 IU while ventilated" (Emory pilot RCT, 2016) [VDW 18 fewer days].
- "10 fewer days of mechanical ventilation" with a 300,000 IU injection (RCT, 2019) [VDW category page].
- These reduce bed-days, but the dollar savings are inferred.
VA.
- "$10,000 higher VA hospital costs if have low Vitamin D" [VDW Top Charts].
- "Some hospitals in the Veterans Administration found $4,000 annual savings per patient" [VDW top 10 chronic].
- In a 2012 letter to the Lancet, VA authors reported that the lowest costs were at centers that did follow-up testing [VDW VA Lancet].

Pregnancy and preterm birth

MUSC with GrassrootsHealth (PLoS One 2017). Under a new standard of care with testing and supplementation, maternal 25(OH)D ≥40 ng/mL was associated with 60% lower preterm-birth risk [MUSC 2017]. This was an observational quality-improvement study. VitaminDWiki pairs it with the cost of a preterm birth, which the Institute of Medicine (2007) put at "$51,600 per infant born preterm" [VDW preterm].
VitaminDWiki's own model ("Preterm births are VERY costly," February 2017). It assumes about 5,000 IU, 20 women treated per preterm birth averted, $100 for supplements and education, and $200 for testing per pregnancy. On those assumptions it estimates $43,000 net savings per preterm birth averted. Related pages:
- "How employers can save a million dollars per 1000 pregnancies" [VDW employers $1M].
- A proposed $400 insurance rebate. This proposal assumes $600 cost and $4,000 savings per pregnancy, and cites "$2,570 savings average" from hospital programs [VDW $400 rebate].
Baggerly estimate. About 380,000 US preterm births a year, with a "modest" 50% reduction assumed. This is a projection [VDW Baggerly video].
Disputed: "Vitamin D once during pregnancy reduced infant health care costs (300 times ROI) – RCT Dec 2015." The underlying study (Griffiths et al., PLoS One 2015) concluded "no evidence that prenatal vitamin D supplementation… influence overall healthcare utilisation." Only 55% of records were assessed. VitaminDWiki's own note concedes the differences were not significant after adjusting for ethnicity. The "300X" is VitaminDWiki's calculation, not the authors' [VDW 300X page].
Rickets (UK modeling study). Healthy Start supplementation of pregnant women and children under 4 was cost-effective for medium and dark skin tones, and "cost saving" in the dark-skin population [UK rickets model].

Respiratory infections, asthma and COVID-19

Colombia, children's acute respiratory infections. Supplementation was "absolutely dominant" (cheaper and more effective) at a $19,000 willingness-to-pay threshold [Colombia ARI].
Colombia, asthma. The mean incremental cost of supplementation was US$44.60, evaluated against a US$5,180 willingness-to-pay threshold. The VitaminDWiki title ("Severe asthmatics willing to pay 5180 dollars") misreads the threshold as a patient survey figure [[VDW asthma overview](https://vitamindwiki.com/Overview+Asthma+and+Vitamin+D)] [VDW category page].
COVID-19 (mostly advocacy-level).
- "$9 of Vitamin D or $900,000 of vaccine" per death prevented [VDW Top news].
- "COVID US deaths: 116,000 fewer if everyone had been taking Vitamin D" (Campbell transcript) [VDW Top news].
- "Remdesivir… Vitamin D is 3000 X more cost effective" [VDW Top news].
- "COVID cost the US 18,000 dollars per survivor" [VDW COVID patients taking D].
- None of these is a formal cost-effectiveness analysis.

Diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular, MS and other conditions

Diabetes. The newest headline page is "$5 a year of Vitamin D could prevent 2.5 million US diabetes cases while saving money" (2026) [VDW tag page]. Its URL implies 4,000 IU/day; I could not confirm which trial it relies on. Other diabetes pages:
- Iran: "One vitamin D pill every 4 weeks should cost-effectively reduce diabetes" (January 2022) [VDW category page].
- Baggerly: type 1 diabetes costs "$360,000 each" over a lifetime, with an assumed 50% preventable [VDW Baggerly video].
- "Diabetics = $1700/year in presenteeism costs" [VDW presenteeism].
Cancer. Germany (above). "Vitamin D fortification could eliminate 1 in 10 cancer deaths in the EU," with current fortification estimated to prevent about 11,000 EU cancer deaths a year [VDW EU fortification]. "Breast cancer prevention… might reduce mammogram expenses by 10X" (2022) is speculative [VDW category page].
Multiple sclerosis (Netherlands). A Dutch literature review of cost-effectiveness is translated on the site. VitaminDWiki highlights that the prescribed high-dose product costs €686 a year in the Netherlands versus $182 for the US over-the-counter equivalent [VDW Dutch calculations]. A later page notes "The Dutch are no longer re-embursed for Vitamin D" (April 2024) [VDW Dutch reimbursement].
Cardiovascular, dementia and the "top 10" pages. These pages ("top 10 medical expenses," "top 10 chronic problems of seniors/Blacks/women," Hill's criteria review) argue by association: the costliest diseases all correlate with low vitamin D. They contain no savings calculations of their own [[VDW top 10 chronic](https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=The+top+10+chronic+health+problems+of+children,+women,+pregnancies,+seniors,+and+darker+skins)] [VDW category page].

Employers, insurers, HMOs and the economics of medicine

ROI claims.
- HMO ROI of 3X to 3.3X: $1,000 vitamin D plus testing cost vs $4,000 savings per procedure, compared with a 0.25X ROI for robotic prostate surgery [[VDW HMOs page](https://vitamindwiki.com/pages/hmos-will-save-millions-of-dollars-with-vitamin-d/)] [VDW HMO extra].
- "Employers gain 10 dollars in productivity for every dollar spent on giving Vitamin D for free" [VDW category page].
- Pure North (Calgary): "$13 for each $1 invested" in social return on investment, of which only $2 is direct healthcare savings [VDW Pure North].
Union and employer actions. The GMB union called for employers to give night-shift workers free vitamin D (June 2019). Some employers offer vitamin D testing [VDW category page].
Structural argument. A large and growing share of pages (Goldman Sachs "Is curing patients a sustainable business model?", "Sick people are more profitable," "Vitamin D is unprofitable, so medicine ignores it," "Medicine started moving from prevention to treatment in 1979") explain why the savings go unclaimed [[VDW tag page](https://vitamindwiki.com/tags/cost-savings/)] [VDW Goldman Sachs]. Fee-for-service providers lose revenue, while capitated payers (HMOs, self-insured employers, the VA, and high-deductible patients) keep the savings [VDW HMOs page]. VitaminDWiki's own presenteeism page concedes a limit here: rare events like MS or childbirth yield little per-employee savings over a career, so employer ROI depends on common conditions [VDW presenteeism].

Testing vs. no testing

The tag argues on both sides, and this deserves an editorial reconciliation. - Against routine testing: "No vitamin D test needed before supplementing (typically)." Medicare pays for roughly one test per lifetime outside specific diagnoses, and patients reported being billed $240 per repeat test, while low-cost labs charge $40–70 [[VDW low-cost tests](https://vitamindwiki.com/pages/low-cost-vitamin-d-blood-tests/)] [VDW Medicare warning]. The VA Lancet letter suggests supplementing everyone with 1,000–2,000 IU instead of testing [VDW VA Lancet]. - For testing: the same VA authors found lower costs at centers that did follow-up testing. Lee et al. and a French Markov model found screen-then-treat more cost-effective than universal supplementation in the oldest old [[Lee et al.](https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/943662)] [VDW fractures overview]. - External view: a 2018 scoping review in Nutrients (Clinical Management of Low Vitamin D: A Scoping Review of Physicians' Practices) found that "Thirteen studies published between 2006 and 2015 across seven countries showed a consistent increase in vitamin D lab tests and related costs," with "no clear evidence" that screening improves outcomes.

Summary Table of Key Savings Estimates

Condition/setting	Country	Evidence type	Estimated savings	Source
Cancer deaths, adults 50+	Germany	Modeling (RCT meta-analysis inputs)	€254M net/yr; ~30,000 deaths averted	[Niedermaier 2021]
All-cause, raise to 40 ng/mL	Canada	Modeling (Grant)	$12.5B ± $6B/yr direct and indirect; 23,000 deaths averted	[VDW Canada 40 ng]
Osteoporotic fractures	EU; US	Cost-benefit model	€5.7B; $3.3B net/yr	[Frost & Sullivan 2019]
Hip fractures, 800 IU free to seniors	UK	Modeling	≥$636M/yr	[VDW fractures overview]
Fracture nonunion	US	Retrospective economic model	$78,030/yr per hospital; $8 supplement	[VDW nonunion page]
Surgical/trauma ICU	US	Prospective, non-randomized	ICU cost $50,934 → $24,433	[VDW ICU $27,000]
ICU heart attacks	US	Hospital cohort	ICU cost $45,283 → $30,093	[VDW surgery 50,000 IU]
Trauma malpractice	US	Anecdotal essay	$26M → $0 in claims	[VDW malpractice]
VA inpatients	US	Observational	~$4,000–10,000 per patient	[VDW VA Lancet]; [VDW Top Charts]
Preterm birth	US	Observational QI; VDW model	60% fewer PTB; ~$43,000 net per PTB averted	[MUSC 2017]; [VDW preterm]
Infant care after prenatal bolus	UK	RCT	Not significant (VDW claims 300X ROI)	[VDW 300X page]
Rickets prevention	UK	Decision-tree model	Cost-saving in dark skin	[UK rickets model]
Pediatric respiratory infection	Colombia	Cost-utility model	Dominant (cheaper, better)	[Colombia ARI]
Asthma	Colombia	Markov cost-utility	$44.60 incremental cost vs $5,180/QALY threshold	[VDW asthma overview]
Adolescent T2DM; depression	Iran	Cost-effectiveness	Cost-effective; dominant at $1,528.67/QALY	[Iran T2DM 2021]; [Iran depression 2023]
Older adults deficient	Ireland	Cost-utility (peer-reviewed)	<€20,000/QALY; ~€5,400/QALY at age 70+	Lacey 2022 BMJ Nutr Prev Health; [Ireland medRxiv]
Population program	Canada (Calgary)	SROI evaluation	$13 per $1	[VDW Pure North]
HMO procedures	US	VDW estimate	ROI 3X–3.3X	[VDW HMOs page]; [VDW HMO extra]
COVID-19 death	Global	VDW estimate	$9 vs $900,000 per death	[VDW Top news]

Caveats

Modeling assumptions dominate. The German, Canadian and fracture models take relative-risk reductions from meta-analyses or observational dose-response curves and apply them to the whole population. They assume full uptake and benefit across everyone. Grant's figures in particular rely on observational associations, so they are better read as upper bounds than as forecasts.
Hospital data are non-randomized. The ICU cost reductions come from one group with unclear allocation and no zero-dose arm. The MUSC preterm data compare women by achieved level, which is open to healthy-adherer confounding.
Null and disputed pages exist and should be surfaced, not buried. Examples:
- "800 IU of vitamin D does not prevent enough falls to be cost effective" (July 2015) [[VDW 800 IU bones](https://vitamindwiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=Yet+again,+800+IU+of+vitamin+D+was+found+to+be+barely+enough+to+help+bones+%E2%80%93+Lancet+Oct+2013)] [VDW 800 IU falls].
- "Hip fractures not prevented by Vitamin D (800 IU daily or large quarterly or annual doses)" (meta-analysis, December 2019) [VDW falls and fractures].
- "Increasing Vitamin D in aged care facilities to more than 800 IUs did not reduce falls" (October 2020) [VDW falls and fractures].
- The Griffiths RCT [VDW 300X page].
VitaminDWiki's consistent explanation is that the dose was too low, too short or too infrequent [VDW Test Proof]. That is plausible, but it is a hypothesis, and pages should label it as such.
Title accuracy issues to correct:
- The 300X pregnancy ROI.
- "Willing to pay $5,180", which is a cost-per-QALY threshold.
- The Frost & Sullivan "$2 billion" vs the published €5.7B/$3.3B.
- The Dutch "100,000 IU daily" phrasing, which is almost certainly not a daily dose [VDW Dutch calculations].
The Canadian "$6–18B" title is accurate: it matches the paper's "$12.5 ± 6 billion."
Duplicates and drift. Several near-duplicates should be merged or cross-labeled:
- "Heart Attack ICU costs reduced $37,000 by $20" (2015), "Heart attack ICU costs cut in half" (2018), and "Surgeries outcomes far better if daily 50,000 IU for a week" (2018) [vitad.org copy].
- The ICU mechanical-ventilation RCT page, which appears twice in the category list [VDW category page].
- "Vitamin D has been found to be cost-effective by many studies" and "Cost Effectivity of Vitamin D – old" [[VDW Dutch calculations](https://vitamindwiki.com/Dutch+Vitamin+D+cost-effectivity+Calculations+%28they+prescribe+100,000+IU+for+Multiple+Sclerosis%29+%E2%80%93+Jan+2022)] [VDW category page].
- "Companies and individuals…" and "HMO extra" (2009–2010), which overlap with "Which organizations save money…" (2026).
Item counts embedded in pages (139–168) are stale. Recent policy and commentary pages (GLP-1, obesity employer costs, MAHA) carry the tag without vitamin D savings figures.
Research limits of this summary. Tag listing pages 2–9 could not be loaded directly, because they returned page 1. Coverage was therefore reconstructed from the category page, cross-linked pages and search. Several 2026 pages, including the diabetes "$5 a year" page and "Which organizations save money", could not be read in full, so their figures are unverified here.

Recommendations

Lead with the rigorous core. Make the German cancer model, Frost & Sullivan fractures, the UK rickets, Colombian and Iranian cost-utility analyses, the Irish model, and the Matthews ICU data the top of the "Cost savings" overview, each labeled by evidence type. Move advocacy estimates (COVID $9, HMO ROI, Canadian 10X indirect costs) into a clearly marked "VitaminDWiki estimates" section.
Add a "Savings not found" section. List the low-dose falls and fracture nulls and the Griffiths RCT alongside the dose explanation. This strengthens credibility with clinicians and payers.
Fix overstated titles (listed under Caveats) and refresh the stale item counts.
Consolidate duplicates into hub pages: ICU/trauma, pregnancy/preterm, fractures, payers/employers, and testing vs. no testing.
Target the audience that keeps the savings. The tag's own logic says capitated payers (VA, HMOs, self-insured employers, national health systems such as Germany and Ireland) and high-deductible households benefit, not fee-for-service hospitals. Pages aimed at those payers, built on the formal models above, are the most persuasive use of this collection.