- Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants
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- VitaminDWiki – Vitamin D Deficiency contains
- VitaminDWiki –Maps of deficiency in 2014 (<75 nmol = grey)
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Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants
Front. Nutr., 17 March 2023 Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology Volume 10 - 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1070808
Aiyong Cui1†, Tiansong Zhang2†, Peilong Xiao3†, Zhiqiang Fan4, Hu Wang4* and Yan Zhuang4*
1 Department of Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
2 Jing'an District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
3 Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
4 Department of Pelvic and Acetabular Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
< 50 nmol
Background: Vitamin D deficiency causes the bone hypomineralization disorder osteomalacia in humans and is associated with many non-skeletal disorders. We aim to estimate the global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in people aged 1 year or older from 2000 to 2022.
Methods: We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and Google databases on December 31, 2021, and updated them on August 20, 2022, without language and time restrictions. Meanwhile, we identified references of relevant system reviews and eligible articles and included the latest and unpublished data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2015–2016 and 2017–2018) database. The studies investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies were included. A standardized data extraction form was used to collect information from eligible studies. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. We stratified meta-analyses by latitude, season, six WHO regions, the World Bank income groups, gender, and age groups. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021292586).
Findings: Out of 67,340 records searched, 308 studies with 7,947,359 participants from 81 countries were eligible for this study, 202 (7,634,261 participants), 284 (1,475,339 participants), and 165 (561,978 participants) studies for the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D <30, <50, and <75 nmol/L, respectively. We found that globally, 15.7% (95% CrI 13.7–17.8), 47.9% (95% CrI 44.9–50.9), and 76·6% (95% CrI 74.0–79.1) of participants had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels less than 30, 50, and 75 nmol/l, respectively; the prevalence slightly decreased from 2000–2010 to 2011–2022, but it was still at a high level; people living in high latitude areas had a higher prevalence; the prevalence in winter-spring was 1.7 (95% CrI 1.4–2.0) times that in summer-autumn; the Eastern Mediterranean region and Lower-middle-income countries had a higher prevalence; females were vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency; gender, sampling frame, detection assays, sampling region, time of data collection, season, and other factors contributed to heterogeneity between the included studies.
Interpretation: Globally, vitamin D deficiency remained prevalent from 2000 to 2022. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency would increase the global burden of disease. Therefore, governments, policymakers, health workers, and individuals should attach importance to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and take its prevention as a public health priority.
Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021292586, PROSPERO CRD42021292586.
VitaminDWiki – Is 50 ng of vitamin D too high, just right, or not enough
VitaminDWiki – Deficiency of Vitamin D category contains
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VitaminDWiki – Vitamin D Deficiency contains
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Diseases that may be related via low vitamin D
VitaminDWiki –Maps of deficiency in 2014 (<75 nmol = grey)
Children
Adults
Seniors
VitaminDWiki – Optimum category contains
The RDA is barely enough for the bones to survive.
Need an optimal level for the body to thrive99 items in Optimum Vitamin D category Example pages
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VitaminDWiki – Consenus category contains:
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