Potential Impact of the Steroid Hormone, Vitamin D, on the Vasculature: Vitamin D-hormones and cardiovascular disease
American Heart Journal. online 27 May 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.05.012
lYin Tintut 123 Linda L.Demer 1245
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Cardiovascular category starts with the following
Cardiovascular category is associated with other categories: Diabetes 31, Omega-3 31 , Vitamin K 25 , Intervention 22 . Mortality 20 , Skin - Dark 18 , Magnesium 17 , Calcium 14 , Hypertension 14 , Trauma and surgery 13 , Stroke 13 , Kidney 12 , Metabolic Syndrome 11 , Seniors 10 , Pregnancy 8 as of Aug 2022
- Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
- Cardiovascular Disease is treated by Vitamin D - many studies 39+ meta-analyses
- Coronary Artery Disease and Vitamin D - many studies 18+
- Cardiovascular problems reduced by Omega-3 - many studies 34+
- Arteries and Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D - many studies 71+
- Atrial Fibrillation decreased by Vitamin D or Magnesium - many studies 26+
- Statins and Vitamin D - many studies 25+
- Arterial Stiffness and Vitamins – only Vitamin D was found to help – meta-analysis Feb 2022
- Those raising Vitamin D above 30 ng were 1.4 X less likely to die of Heart Attack (VA 19 years) – Oct 2021
- Giving free vitamin D to every Iranian would pay for itself by just reducing CVD – Oct 2021
- Sudden Cardiac Arrest – 2.8 X higher risk if low vitamin D – 2019
- Peripheral arterial disease risk is 1.5X higher if low vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2018
- Heart attack ICU costs cut in half by Vitamin D – Oct 2018
- Cardiovascular disease 2.3 X more-likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2022
Cholesterol, Statins
- Cholesterol is needed to produce both Vitamin D and Cortisol
- Overview Cholesterol and vitamin D
- Statins and Vitamin D - many studies statins often reduce levels of vitamin D
- Statin side-effects are reduced by Vitamin D – US patent Application – April 2019
Vitamin D Intervention AND Cardiovascular
- Vitamin D Has No Effect on Cardiovascular Health (20 studies disagree) - Nov 2024
- Cardiovascular events – need more than monthly 60,000 IU vitamin D to prevent other than infarction – June 2023
- High dose vitamin D fights Folate gene changes by COVID, autoimmune, CVD, ALZ – Oct 2022
- 3,200 IU of daily not help much in population already having 30 ng of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2022
- Atrial Fibrillation risk reduced by 0.84 in those raising Vitamin D levels above 30 ng – RCT April 2022
- Monthly vitamin D helped hearts with low vitamin D a bit (need it more frequently) – RCT March 2022
- 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly following cardiac failure helps – RCT 2014
- 50,000 IU of Vitamin D weekly for 9 weeks did not improve CVD – Aug 2018
- Cardiovascular risk markers not helped by 20,000 IU of vitamin D weekly – RCT May 2018
- Heart attack ICU costs cut in half by Vitamin D – Oct 2018
- Hypertension not controlled by 26 ng of Vitamin D (50,000 IU bi-weekly A-A) – RCT Nov 2017
- Heart Failure not helped by Vitamin D (several strange things about the trial) – RCT May 2017
- Chronic Heart Failure reduced by 4,000 IU daily for a year – RCT April 2016
- Cardiovascular death reduction in dark skin migrants by just 1,000 IU of vitamin D – May 2015
- Heart failure markers reduced by 400 IU of vitamin D and Calcium (surprise) – RCT Jan 2015
- Angina dramatically reduced by injections of vitamin D twice a month (300,000 IU) – Jan 2015
- Salmon intervention (vitamin D and Omega-3) improved heart rate variability and reduced anxiety – Nov 2014
- 1700 IU vitamin D for a year provided no cardiovascular benefit (no surprise) – RCT Oct 2014
- Seniors with Heart Failure helped by daily 4,000 IU of vitamin D (increase 16 ng) – RCT Aug 2014
- Hearts responded to stress better after 5,000 IU of vitamin D for a month - March 2014
- More blood was pumped by those getting 800,000 IU of vitamin D after heart failure – RCT Oct 2013
- Off Topic: EDTA similar reduction in heart attack as Vitamin C, aspirin and Mg – RCT March 2013
- Chronic Heart Failure helped with 2,000 IU of vitamin D (PRA reduced) – RCT June 2013
- 4000 IU vitamin D daily for just 5 days reduced inflammation after heart attack – RCT Jan 2013
- Congestive heart failure in infants virtually cured by 1000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Feb 2012
- Chance of death after heart failure reduced by 1000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2012
The role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system is complex because it regulates expression of genes involved in diverse metabolic processes. Although referred to as a vitamin, it is more accurately considered a steroid hormone, because it is produced endogenously in the presence of ultraviolet light. It occurs as a series of sequentially activated forms, here referred to as vitamin D-hormones. A little-known phenomenon, based on pre-clinical data, is that its biodistribution and potential effects on vascular disease likely depend on whether it is derived from diet or sunlight. Diet-derived vitamin D-hormones are carried in the blood, at least in part, in chylomicrons and lipoprotein particles, including LDL.
Since LDL is known to accumulate in the artery wall and atherosclerotic plaque, diet-derived vitamin D-hormones may also collect there, and possibly promote the osteochondrogenic mineralization associated with plaque.
Also, little known is the fact that the body stores vitamin D-hormones in adipose tissue with a half-life on the order of months, ++raising doubts about whether the use of the term “daily requirement” is appropriate. Cardiovascular effects of vitamin D-hormones are controversial, and risk appears to increase with both low and high blood levels. Since low serum vitamin D-hormone concentration is reportedly associated with increased cardiovascular and orthopedic risk, oral supplementation is widely used, often together with calcium supplements.
However, meta-analyses show that oral vitamin D-hormone supplementation does not protect against cardiovascular events, findings that are also supported by a randomized controlled trial. These considerations suggest that prevalent recommendations for vitamin D-hormone supplementation for the purpose of cardiovascular protection should be carefully reconsidered.
Table of Contents
Types of vitamin D-hormones
Activation and storage of D vitamins
Half-lives and levels of inactive and activated D vitamins
Dietary requirements: daily or seasonal?
Dependence of carrier and bio-distribution on source
Dependence of hydroxylation rate on source
Pleiotropic effects of vitamin D-hormones
Vitamin D-hormones supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes
Effect of D vitamins on vascular cells and atherosclerotic calcification
Vitamin D-hormone activity in adipose tissue
Influence of obesity on vitamin D-induced vascular calcification
Inhibition of osteoclastic resorption
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