Higher milk fat content is associated with higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in early childhood.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 May;41(5):516-521. Epub 2016 Jan 13. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0671
Vanderhout SM1,2,3, Birken CS4,5,6,7, Parkin PC4,5,6,7, Lebovic G3,7, Chen Y3, O'Connor DL1, Maguire JL1,2,3,4; jonathon.maguire@utoronto.ca TARGetKids! Collaboration.
Bought the PDF. The science seems OK
Many (but not all) studies have found that you need to take Vitamin D with a fatty meal
If true, this might account for association between obesity and drinking skim milk
Wonder if it is because skim milk has more sugar
Wonder how many studies have failed to consider differences between skim and whole milk
Note: Vitamin D which is water soluble can fortify any kind of milk, juice, water, etc.
For example: 10,000 IU of vitamin D powder added to a gallon would add 625 IU per cup
Study also states: 2X more likely to be vitamin D deficient if drink 1% milk
Wonder how much more of a decline (3x?) if drink non-fat milk
History of US Milk Consumption
Huge decrease in US consumption of whole milk from 1970 to 2013
interactive charting of 50+ items - not just milk
The mysterious case of America’s plummeting milk consumption Washington Post - June 2014
See also VitaminDWiki
- Vitamin D – water-soluble is far more absorbable than fat-soluble – Nov 2016
- Bio-Tech is the only company I am aware of that makes a non-liquid water-soluble form of vitamin D
- Vitamin D home fortification- don't wait 100 years for your govt
- Vitamin K in full-fat dairy products – June 2017
- Milk – Vitamin D deficiency 2X more likely if lactose intolerant, milk allergy, or low fat milk – 2017
- Full-fat milk for children associated with higher Vitamin D and lower BMI – Dec 2016
- Review of vitamin D from milk products is unaware that skim milk provides little VitD – Aug 2018
- FDA decided to double vitamin D in milk after talking 4 times with by Dr. Matthews – July 2016
- Full-fat diary healthier than skim (perhaps better Vitamin D and Vitamin K bioavailability) – Sept 2019
- Little vitamin D in various types of milk – Oct 2012
- Vitamin D fortification of Cows milk (ignores lactose intolerance and poor bioavailability in low fat milk) – Aug 2021
- Vitamin D levels dropped when consuming 2 brands of fortified milk in the winter– trial June 2018
- Whole-Fat or Nonfat Dairy -The Debate Continues (less vitamin D) - Dec 2018
- Children no longer get much vitamin D from milk - fortify at home
- Most people have major problems of milk as a source of vitamin D
See also web
- Relation between milk-fat percentage, vitamin D, and BMI z score in early childhood Nov 2016
children (out of 2745 ) who drank whole milk had 2.2 nanogram higher vitamin D levels - Whole fat milk consumption associated with leaner children, research finds Nov 2016
- US law has not permitted providing school children with full fat or even 2% milk since 2010
bill proposed in US Congress in June 2019 to recend that law.
See also Vitamin Fortification of Fluid Milk - 2017
Nice review, however, it has no mention of vitamin D being poorly absorbed from low fat or skimmed milk which is at the bottom of this page
Reminder: 64% of all humans are lactose intollerant
Hypothesis: decreased bioavailable Calcium if decreased Vitamin D (low-fat milk)
Note: Most studies assume that the amount of Calcium adsorbed is independent of the fat content of the milk
However
- Dairy Nutrition of Canada
"Various dietary factors can affect calcium bioavailability. Some food components act synergistically to promote calcium absorption.
They include:vitamin D ,lactose, casein, phosphopeptides in milk.
PDF from SciHub via VitaminDWiki
Current guidelines for cow's milk consumption in children older than age 2 years suggest 1% or 2% milk to reduce the risk of obesity. Given that milk is the main dietary source of vitamin D for North American children and that vitamin D is fat soluble, we hypothesized 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration to be positively associated with the fat content of milk. The objective was to determine the relationship between the fat content of milk consumed and the serum 25(OH)D concentration; our secondary objective was to explore the role that the volume of milk consumed played in this relationship. We completed a cross-sectional study of children aged 12-72 months in the TARGetKids! research network. Multivariable linear regression was used to test the association between milk fat content and child 25(OH)D, adjusted for clinically relevant covariates. The interaction between volume of milk and fat content was examined. Two thousand eight hundred fifty-seven children were included in the analysis.
The fat content of milk was positively associated with 25(OH)D (p = 0.03), and the interaction between the volume of milk consumed and the milk fat content was statistically significant (p = 0.005).
Children who drank 1% milk needed 2.46 cups (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38-2.54) of milk to have a 25(OH)D concentration similar to that of children who drank 1 cup of homogenized milk (3.25% fat).
Children who consumed 1% milk had 2.05 (95% CI 1.73-2.42) times higher odds of having a 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L compared with children who consumed homogenized milk. In conclusion, recommendations for children to drink lower-fat milk (1% or 2%) may compromise serum 25(OH)D levels and may require study to ensure optimal childhood health.
PMID: 27138972
References
- American Academy of Pediatrics. 2014. Vitamin D: On the Double. Available from www.healthychildren.org/English/healthy-living/nutrition/Pages/Vitamin-D-On-the-Double.aspx. [Accessed 28 March 2015.]
- Barnett, A.G., and Dobson, A.J. 2010. Analysing seasonal health data. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Borel P. 2003. Factors affecting intestinal absorption of highly lipophilic food microconstituents (fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and phytosterols) Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41(8): 979-994 CrossRef, Medline.
- Bowen, R. 2001. Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids in Digestion. Available from www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/liver/bile.html. [Accessed 15 January 2015.]
- Canadian Community Health Survey - Annual Component (CCHS). 2013. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Carsley S, Borkhoff CM, Maguire JL, Birken CS, Khovratovich M, McCrindle B, et al. 2015. Cohort Profile: The Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) Int. J. Epidemiol. 44(3): 776-788 CrossRef, Medline.
- Carter GD, Carter R, Jones J, Berry J. 2004. How accurate are assays for 25-hydroxyvitamin D? Data from the international vitamin D external quality assessment scheme. Clin. Chem. 50(11): 2195-2197 CrossRef, Medline.
- Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. 2010. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Edited by A.C. Ross, C.L. Taylor, A.L. Yaktine, and H.B. Del Valle. Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
- Cooper C, Fall C, Egger P, Hobbs R, Eastell R, Barker D. 1997. Growth in infancy and bone mass in later life. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 56(1): 17-21 CrossRef, Medline.
- Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, Ceglia L, Rasmussen H. 2013. Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 28(8): 1778-1783 CrossRef, Medline.
- Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH, Dolnikowski G, Palermo NJ, Rasmussen H. 2015. Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 115(2): 225-230 CrossRef, Medline.
- Faulkner H, Hussein A, Foran M, Szijarto L. 2000. A survey of vitamin A and D contents of fortified fluid milk in Ontario. J. Dairy Sci. 83(6): 1210-1216 CrossRef, Medline.
- Fitzpatrick TB. 1988. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol. 124(6): 869-871 CrossRef, Medline.
- Garriguet, D. 2008. Beverage Consumption of Children and Teens. Health Rep. Vol. 19. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Gidding SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, Daniels SR, Gilman MW, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2006. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners. Pediatrics 117(2): 544-559 CrossRef, Medline.
- Godel JC. 2007. Vitamin D supplementation: recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. Paediatric Child Health 12(7): 583-589 Medline.
- Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, Vestergaard P. 2009. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 20(1): 133-140 CrossRef, Medline.
- Health Canada. 2007. Multi-vitamin/Mineral Supplements. Drugs and Health Products. Available from webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/atReq.do?atid=multi_vitmin_suppl. [Accessed November 2014.]
- Health Canada. 2012. Vitamin D and Calcium: Updated Dietary Reference Intakes. Available from www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/vitamin/vita-d-eng.php. [Accessed 29 September 2014.]
- Huh SY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Rich-Edwards JW, Taveras EM, Gillman MW. 2010. Prospective association between milk intake and adiposity in preschool-aged children. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 110(4): 563-570 CrossRef, Medline.
- Institute of Medicine. 2015. How the RDA for Vitamin D was Determined. Available from www.iom.edu/Global/News%20Announcements/How-the-RDA-for-Vitamin-D-Was-Determined. [Accessed 20 May 2015.]
- Janz, T., and Pearson, C. 2013. Vitamin D Blood Levels of Canadians. Available from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/11727-eng.htm. [Accessed 30 March 2015.]
- Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Lindberg F, Hexeberg S, Moan J. 2009. The dependency of vitamin D status on body mass index, gender, age and season. Anticancer Res. 29(9): 3713-3720 Medline.
- Little, R.J.A., and Rubin, D.B. 2002. Statistical analysis with missing data. 2nd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J.
- Maguire JL, Birken CS, Khovratovich M, DeGroot J, Carsley S, Thorpe KE, et al. 2013. Modifiable determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in early childhood: opportunities for prevention. JAMA Pediatr. 167(3): 230-235 CrossRef, Medline.
- Map & Data Library. 2013. Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF). Available from data.library.utoronto.ca/content/postal-code-conversion-file. [Accessed 25 March 2015.]
- Maunsell Z, Wright DJ, Rainbow SJ. 2005. Routine isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for simultaneous measurement of the 25-hydroxy metabolites of vitamins D2 and D3. Clin. Chem. 51(9): 1683-1690 CrossRef, Medline.
- Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM, Pietrobelli A, Goulding A, Goran MI, Dietz WH. 2002. Validity of body mass index compared with other body-composition screening indexes for the assessment of body fatness in children and adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75(6): 978-985 Medline.
- National Institutes of Health. 2011a. Age-appropriate Diet for Children. Medline Plus. Available from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002455.htm. [Accessed 17 December 2014.]
- National Institutes of Health. 2011b. Vitamin D. Health Information. Available from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. [Accessed 2 October 2014.]
- O’Brien R. 2007. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity 41: 673-690 CrossRef, ISI.
- Pawley N, Bishop NJ. 2004. Prenatal and infant predictors of bone health: the influence of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80(6): 1748S-1751S Medline.
- Pietrobelli A, Faith MS, Allison DB, Gallagher D, Chiumello G, Heymsfield SB. 1998. Body mass index as a measure of adiposity among children and adolescents: a validation study. J. Pediatr. 132(2): 204-210 CrossRef, Medline.
- Quevedo WC, Fitzpatrick TB, Pathak MA, Jimbow K. 1975. Role of light in human skin color variation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43(3): 393-408 CrossRef, Medline.
- R Core Team. 2014. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available from www.R-project.org. [Accessed 28 March 2015.]
- Rockell JE, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Whiting SJ, Taylor RW, Williams SM, et al. 2005. Season and ethnicity are determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in New Zealand children aged 5–14 y. J. Nutr. 135(11): 2602-2608 Medline.
- Scharf RJ, Demmer RT, DeBoer MD. 2013. Longitudinal evaluation of milk type consumed and weight status in preschoolers. Arch. Dis. Child. 98(5): 335-340 CrossRef, Medline.
Results . . Across racial/ethnic and socio-economic status subgroups, 1%/skim milk drinkers had higher BMI z scores than 2%/whole milk drinkers.
Compared to those drinking 2%/whole milk, 2- and 4-year-old children drinking 1%/skim milk had an increased adjusted odds of being overweight (age 2 OR 1.64, p<0.0001; age 4 OR 1.63, p<0.0001) or obese (age 2 OR 1.57, p<0.01; age 4 OR 1.64, p<0.0001).
In longitudinal analysis, children drinking 1%/skim milk at both 2 and 4 years were more likely to become overweight/obese between these time points (adjusted OR 1.57, p<0.05). - Singh RJ, Taylor RL, Reddy GS, Grebe SK. 2006. C-3 epimers can account for a significant proportion of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants, complicating accurate measurement and interpretation of vitamin D status. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91(8): 3055-3061 CrossRef, Medline.
- Statistics Canada. 2014. Canadian Community Health Survey - Annual Component (CCHS). Available from www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3226. [Accessed 28 March 2015.]
- Tangpricha V, Koutkia P, Rieke SM, Chen TC, Perez AA, Holick MF. 2003. Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D: a novel approach for enhancing vitamin D nutritional health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77(6): 1478-1483 Medline.
- World Health Organization. 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards: Methods and Development. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.