Arteries and Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D - many studies

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74+ VitaminDWiki pages with ARTERIES OR ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR CALCIFICATION in title

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Perplexity & Deep Reasoning on Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis - Feb 2025

Starts with
Atherosclerosis, characterized by chronic arterial plaque formation, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence positions vitamin D as a critical modulator of atherosclerotic pathways, influencing endothelial function, immune regulation, and vascular homeostasis. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights and clinical evidence to elucidate how vitamin D deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis while exploring the therapeutic potential of supplementation.
Therapeutic Implications and Future Directions
Supplementation Strategies
Current evidence supports targeting 25(OH)D levels of 30–50 ng/mL for cardiovascular protection. Doses of 2,000–4,000 IU/day are generally safe, though obese individuals and those with malabsorption may require higher intake. Combining vitamin D with calcium warrants caution, as co-supplementation may blunt blood pressure benefits despite enhancing PTH suppression.

Personalized Approaches
Genomic studies identify VDR polymorphisms (e.g., BsmI, FokI) that influence vitamin D responsiveness. Carriers of the FokI ff genotype exhibit stronger anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting pharmacogenomic tailoring could optimize outcomes1213. Subgroup analyses also indicate heightened benefits in deficient populations with elevated hs-CRP or hypertension

Novel Pathways and Senescence
Emerging research links vitamin D to cellular senescence—a driver of vascular aging. Vitamin D mitigates senescent cell accumulation in plaques by upregulating klotho and suppressing p16INK4a, potentially delaying atherosclerosis progression. Local intracrine signaling within adipose tissue and macrophages may also modulate plaque stability independently of systemic levels, opening avenues for tissue-targeted therapies

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VitaminDWiki – Hypertension category contains

167 items in the category HYPERTENSION

see also
Overview Overview Hypertension and Vitamin D
Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
Overview Stroke and vitamin D
Incidence of 22 health problems related to vitamin D have doubled in a decade
Some interesting Hypertension studies

• Hypertension risk decreased 10X by increasing vitamin D levels to more than 40 ng – Nov 2017
• Hypertension risk reduced 4X if adequate level of Vitamin D – July 2024
• COVID-19 deaths 4 to 7 X more likely if Diabetic, Hypertensive, or CVD - meta-analysis March 2020
• Magnesium reduces hypertension - FDA allows claim - Jan 2022
• Drug-resistant hypertension 3.5 X more likely if low vitamin D – March 2020
• High Blood Pressure reduced by Vitamin D supplementation in seniors and obese – meta-analysis May 2019
• Blood pressure in diabetics reduced by 12 weekly doses of 50,000 IU vitamin D – RCT Jan 2014
• Hypertension is associated with low vitamin D in some groups – meta-analysis April 2015
• Off Topic – Hypertension in 42 percent of adults (new definition: 130 mm Hg) – Feb 2018
  • Men aged 40-59 59%, age >60 75%: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2018

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VitaminDWiki – Metabolic Syndrome contains

107 items

See also

• Overview Metabolic Syndrome and vitamin D
• Overview Diabetes and vitamin D
• Overview Obesity and Vitamin D
• Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Magnesium - many studies
• Arteries and Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D - many studies
• Metabolic Syndrome risk decreases by 20 percent with each 10 ng increase in Vitamin D - April 2021
• Metabolic Syndrome and Vitamin D - review of 33 studies - March 2021
• Metabolic Syndrome far less likely if high Vitamin D – 3 meta-analyses 2021
• Metabolic Syndrome 11X more likely if have a poor Vitamin D Receptor – 2018
• Vitamin D is linked to metabolic syndrome and obesity – Aug 2019
• Risk of Metabolic syndrome for senior women reduced 42 percent by 1,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT June 2019
• Metabolic Syndrome risk reduced 3.7 X by nuts (Magnesium, Omega-3) – Dec 2018
• Metabolically Healthy – only 1 in 50 seniors in the US – Nov 2018
• Metabolic Syndrome indicators inversely proportional to vitamin D below 46 ng – Nov 2018
• Metabolic Syndromes fought by Vitamin D in 6 ways – Oct 2023
  

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344+ VitaminDWiki Cardiovascular pages with VITAMIN D in the title

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133,000 medical papers on Atherosclerosis and "Vitamin D" (Feb 2025)

Google Scholar

• Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure - Sept 2020 - DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186483 FREE PDF
• Vitamin D and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease - April 2019 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00194 FREE PDF
• Clinical and biomarker modifiers of vitamin D treatment response: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis - March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab390 FREE PDF
• Serum Level of Vitamin D Is Associated with Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women - Sept 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10111139 FREE PDF
• The Effect of Vitamin D on Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Propensity Score Matched Case–Control Coronary CTA Study - July 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8080085    PDF
  • "Patients with serum vitamin D (OH) levels >60 ng/mL had higher plaque density (p = 0.04), indicating more calc ified and less vulnerable plaque. Conclusions: In this retrospective case–control cohort study, vitamin D supplementation was associated with less high-risk plaque, less non-calcified plaque burden, and a higher calcified plaque independent of CV risk factors."
• Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Vitamin D Deficiency - June 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000386 PDF is behind paywall
• Vitamin D level is associated with severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and incidence of acute coronary syndromes in non-diabetic cardiac patients - March 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2019.83291  PDF

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44,400 medical papers on Atherosclerosis and "Vitamin K" (Feb 2025)

Google Scholar

• An L-shaped relationship between dietary vitamin K and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease - June 2024 FREE PDF
• Quantifying dietary vitamin K and its link to cardiovascular health: a narrative review - March 2020    PDF
• Vitamin K Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials - Sept 2020 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102909    PDF
  • "While vitamin K supplementation clearly improves the carboxylation of dephosphoylated MGP, its role in mitigating vascular calcification is uncertain, based on current evidence."
• Extent of arterial calcification by conventional vitamin K antagonist treatment - Oct, 2020    PDF
• Vitamin K supplementation and vascular calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials- May 2023    PDF

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VitaminDWiki - 26 studies in both categories Cardiovascular and Vitamin K

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