Viral infection reduced 90 percent with 2000 IU of vitamin D – Dec 2010

Comments: Ample evidence exists from human studies that vitamin D reduces the risk of selected bacterial and viral infections

Experimental Biology and Medicine Dec 2010; 235: 1395-1396
William B Grant1, Mark Goldstein2 and Luca Mascitelli3
1 Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center (SUNARC), P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603;
2 Fountain Medical Court, 9410 Fountain Medical Court, Suite A-200, Bonita Springs, FL 34135, USA;
3 Comando Brigata Alpina 'Julia', Medical Service, S. Agostino, 8, Udine 33100, Italy
Corresponding author: William B Grant Email: wbgrant at infionline.net DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010c01

The recent paper by Bruce et al.1 stated: 'At present, there is not adequate information available to claim vitamin D as an anti-infective agent....
There are no data to support any relationship between vitamin D and host resistance to influenza.
At this time it would be premature to suggest that vitamin D might be useful to improve host resistance to TB, influenza or any other infectious organism.'
In making these statements, the authors rely on their knowledge of relevant animal experiments and likely mechanisms but overlook relevant human studies.

There have been two successful randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of influenza.
The first, involving African-American postmenopausal women living in New York State, found a 60% reduced incidence of colds and influenza for those women taking 800IU/d of vitamin D, and a 90% reduction for those women taking 2000 IU/d of vitamin D.2 See, also, the discussion in Cannell et at. 3
The second, involving 334 school children in Japan, half taking 1200 IU/d of vitamin D3, half taking 200 IU/d of vitamin D3, found a relative risk of 0.36 (95% confidence interval, 0.17, 0.79, P = 0.006) for those not taking additional vitamin D i.e. a 64% reduced risk for type A influenza.4
No effect of vitamin D was found for type B influenza, which is generally less common than type A influenza.

In a prospective observational study in Connecticut involving 198 healthy adults during the fall-winter 2009-2010 season, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels > 38ng/mL were associated with a significant (P < 0.0001) two-fold reduction in the risk of developing acute respiratory tract infections and with a marked reduction in the percentages of days ill.5

A common cause of death after influenza infection is from bacterial pneumonia. In an ecological study, it was shown that an index of solar ultraviolet-B dose explained 46% of the variance for influenza case fatality rates in 12 communities of the USA during the 1918-1919 pandemic A (H1N1) influenza. 6 The mechanisms proposed were reduction in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which could also explain some of the benefits of vitamin D since H1N1 infection gives rise to a cytokine storm and in reducing secondary bacterial infections.

In 2009, pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients had increased risk of severe A (H1N1) influenza.7
Pregnancy and indigenous status were associated with severe influenza in Australia. 8
One of the reasons pregnancy increases risk is general low serum 25(OH)D levels.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in pregnant women (5-50%) and in breastfed infants (10-56%), despite the widespread use of prenatal vitamins, because these are inadequate to maintain normal serum 25(OH)D levels (>32ng/mL).9
Australian Aborigines also have low serum 25(OH)D levels.10

There is good evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of sepsis based on an investigation of the mechanisms,11 an analysis of the epidemiological factors in the USA (geographic variation, seasonal variation, racial disparities and co-morbid diseases)12 and an observational study in an intensive care unit.

Thus, there is ample evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of both bacterial and viral infections.

Disclosure: WBG receives or has received funding from the UV Foundation (McLean, VA, USA), the Sunlight Research Forum (Veldhoven, The Netherlands), Bio-Tech-Pharmacal (Fayetteville, AR, USA) and the Vitamin D Council (San Luis Obispo, CA, USA), and the Danish Sunbed Federation (Middelfart, Denmark).

REFERENCES

• 1 Bruce D, Ooi JH, Yu S, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and host resistance to infection? Putting the cart in front of the horse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010;235:921-7
• 2 Aloia JF, Li-Ng M. Re: epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect 2007;135:1095 - 6; author reply 1097-8 (VitaminDWiki PDF
• 3 Cannell JJ, Zasloff M, Garland CF, Scragg R, Giovannucci E. On the epidemiology of influenza. Virol J 2008;5:29
• 4 Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1255-60
• 5 Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One 2010;5:e11088.
• 6 Grant WB, Giovannucci D. The possible roles of solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing case-fatality rates from the 19181919 influenza pandemic in the United States. Dermato-Endocrinology 2009;1:215-9
• 7 Lapinsky SE. H1N1 novel influenza A in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. Crit Care Med 2010;38(4 Suppl): e52-7
• 8 Kelly H, Mercer G, Cheng A. Quantifying the risk of pandemic influenza in pregnancy and Indigenous people in Australia in 2009. Euro Surveill 2009;14. pii: 19441
• 9 Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study. Br J Nutr 2009;102:876 - 881
• 10 Benson J, Wilson A, Stocks N, Moulding N. Muscle pain as an indicator of vitamin D deficiency in an urban Australian Aboriginal population. MedJAust 2006;185:76-7
• 11 Mookherjee N, Rehaume LM, Hancock RE. Cathelicidins and functional analogues as antisepsis molecules. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007;11:993-1004
• 12 Grant WB. Solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D may reduce the risk of septicemia. Dermato-Endocrinology 2009;1:37-42
• 13 Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, Blumberg HM, Martin GS, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V. Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. JTransl Med 2009;7:28

---

See also VitaminDWiki

• Influenza risk reduced 2X by 2,000 IU of Vitamin D (vs 400), RTI reduced 3X by 400 or more IU – July 2017
• Half the risk of Influenza -A in infants taking 1200 IU of vitamin D for 4 months – RCT Jan 2018
• Four antiviral strategies – includes vitamin D – Vasquez Dec 2014
• Major interactions between Vitamin D, Vitamin A, and Influenza – Sept 2013
• Overview Influenza and vitamin D
• Review of infectious diseases vitamin D trials – Feb 2012 TB and viral respiratory tract infections
• All items in category Immunity 273 items
• All items in category Breathing 454 items
• Additional 4 ng of vitamin D reduced chance of infection by 7 percent – June 2011
• The difference between a prophet and a madman – by Dr. Cannell Nov 2011 comment on previous article
• Vitamin D helps T-cell and immune system – overview Aug 2011
• Lung and Vitamin D – Special Issue Dec 2011
• Immune system and vitamin D patent 2008
• Many infant infections avoided with supplementation with 400 IU of vitamin D – Oct 2012
• Crescendo of papers on Asthma, Allergy, and Vitamin D – Sept 2011 which has the following graph