Principles of Diabetes Mellitus, pp 107-119, 08 July 2017
Nadine E. Palermo , Michael F. Holick
See also VitaminDWiki
Search VitaminDWiki for HOLICK DIABETES 1860 items as of July 2017
Overview Diabetes and vitamin D contains this summary]
- Diabetes is 5X more frequent far from the equator
- Children getting 2,000 IU of vitamin D are 8X less likely to get Type 1 diabetes
- Obese people get less sun / Vitamin D - and also vitamin D gets lost in fat
- Sedentary people get less sun / Vitamin D
- Worldwide Diabetes increase has been concurrent with vitamin D decrease and air conditioning
- Elderly get 4X less vitamin D from the same amount of sun
Elderly also spend less time outdoors and have more clothes on - All items in category Diabetes and Vitamin D
553 items: both Type 1 and Type 2 Vitamin D appears to both prevent and treat diabetes
- Appears that >2,000 IU will Prevent
- Appears that >4,000 IU will Treat , but not cure
- 90% less T2 Diabetes in the group having lots of Vitamin D
- Appears that Magnesium helps both Prevention and Treatment
- Many diabetics would be better treated if Gut-Friendly Vitamin D were used
Number of articles in both categories of Diabetes and:
- Dark Skin
24 ; Intervention 57 ; Meta-analysis 40 ; Obesity 36 ; Pregnancy 44 ; T1 (child) 39 ; Omega-3 11 ; Vitamin D Receptor 24 ; Genetics 13 ; Magnesium 30 Click here to see details Some Diabetes studies
- Take Vitamin D to prevent prediabetes from progressing into diabetes – American Diabetic Association – 2024
- Diabetes and Vitamin D meta-analyses - many studies 39+ as of Nov 2024
- 99.7% of people who got Diabetes had been regularly consuming food emulsifiers - May 2024
- Type 2 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D (often 50,000 IU weekly) – meta-analysis July 2023
- Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022
- Incidence of Type-2 Diabetes increased 3X in 30 years (by the way, Vitamin D helps) – July 2022
- Vitamin d treats Type II Diabetes in many ways (14 article review) - Sept 2021
- T2 Diabetes 30 percent more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis of 47 studies – July 2021
50 ng of Vitamin D fights Diabetes
- Saudi study defines normal Vitamin D level to be 50 to 70 ng (diabetes, etc.) - June 2020
- Diabetes 5X less likely if more than 50 ng of Vitamin D – April 2018
T1 Diabetes
- T1 Diabetes 3X lower risk if high vitamin D (over 40 ng) – Meta-analysis Nov 2020
- Type 1 Diabetes is prevented and treated by Vitamin D – review of 16 studies – Sept 2019
- Type 1 Diabetes prevention with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – Symposium April 2019
Pre-Diabetes
- 4X reduction in prediabetes progressing to T2D if more than 50 ng of vitamin D – RCT March 2023
- Prediabetes reduced by weekly 60,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2021
- Prediabetes 1.5 X more likely to go away if take Vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2020
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Magnesium - many studies
Pages listed in BOTH of the categories Diabetes and Intervention
- Type 1 Diabetic inflammation reduced by 50 ng of Vitamin D - Dec 2024
- 4X reduction in prediabetes progressing to T2D if more than 50 ng of vitamin D – RCT March 2023
- Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022
- Diabetes prevented by 50,000 IU vitamin D monthly (Iran) – Jan 2022
- Most Diabetics getting 40,000 IU of vitamin D weekly did not get to 30 ng (needed gut-friendly form) - RCT June 2020
- Diabetes helped somewhat by weekly 50,000 IU of vitamin D (5 ways to improve) – RCT Aug 2021
- Little Vitamin D benefit if not achieve a good level (T1D in this cases) – Jan 2021
- Prediabetes reduced by weekly 60,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2021
- Diabetic inflammation reduced by Vitamin D (30,000 IU weekly) – RCT July 2020
- Diabetes not helped by increasing Vitamin D levels to 20 ng (proven again) – RCT March 2020
- Several Diabetic pains reduced by injection of 300,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Feb 2020
- Diabetes helped by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Sept 2019
- 100,000 IU of Vitamin D3 monthly for 4 months to diabetics (D2 bombed) – RCT Dec 2019
- Diabetics and prediabetics helped by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D for 6 months– RCT July 2019
- Depression reduced in Diabetics with 3 months of 4,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT July 2019
- Type 2 Diabetes inflammation reduced by 50,000 IU of Vitamin D bi-weekly and resistance training – RCT – June 2019
- Vitamin D fails to prevent Type 2 Diabetes (unaware of 8 proven ways) June 2019
- Prediabetes both prevented and treated by monthly Vitamin D, etc.
- Peripheral diabetic neuropathy helped by weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D – Jan 2019
- Diabetic nephropathy (Kidney) treated by 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly – RCT Jan 2019
- Vitamin D treatment of diabetes (50,000 IU every 2 weeks) augmented by probiotic – RCT June 2018
- Waist size reduced 3 cm by Vitamin D in those with Metabolic Syndrome – Jan 2017
- HbA1c levels (Diabetes) reduced by monthly 50,000 IU of vitamin D – Dec 2017
- Gestational diabetes 30 percent less likely if consumed more than 400 IU of vitamin D daily – Oct 2017
- Vitamin D injection is far better than oral for diabetics (poor gut) – RCT March 2017
- Gestational diabetes treated by Vitamin D plus Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2017
- Diabetes treated if given enough vitamin D (example: 50,000 IU weekly) – review of RCT - Jan 2017
- Gestational Diabetes reduce 3 times by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2016
- Gestational Diabetes treated with 50,000 IU every two weeks – RCT Sept 2016
- Diabetic neuropathy reduced by injection of 600,000 IU of vitamin D – Feb 2016
- Diabetes treated by vitamin D when levels exceeded 61 ng – Sept 2015
- Prediabetes reduced by monthly 60,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT May 2015
- Diabetes decreased in aged mice supplemented with vitamin D – April 2015
- Pain of Diabetic Neuropathy reduced with weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D– CT Feb 2015
- Gestational diabetes – Vitamin D and Calcium provided huge benefits – RCT March 2015
- T1 diabetes in children helped with two doses of 150,000 IU of vitamin D and Calcium – March 2015
- Diabetic hypertension reduced with Vitamin D and Calcium – RCT March 2015
- Gestational diabetes reduced by just two 50,000 IU doses of vitamin D – RCT Nov 2014
- Type 1 diabetes helped with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks – Nov 2014
- Recent Diabetics treated by supplementation which achieved 60 ng of vitamin D – RCT Sept 2014
- Diabetic inflammation reduced by Calcium and 50,000 IU of vitamin D in 8 weeks – RCT 2014
- Gestational Diabetes reduced with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 3 weeks and daily Calcium – RCT June 2014
- Gestational Diabetes reduced 40 percent by 5,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT April 2014
- Blood pressure in diabetics reduced by 12 weekly doses of 50,000 IU vitamin D – RCT Jan 2014
- Diabetes (Type II) reduced by single injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 – RCT March 2014
- Prediabetics 60 percent less likely to become diabetic if given some vitamin D – Jan 2014
- Diabetes prevention RCT kicked off: adding 4,000 IU vitamin D - Oct 2013
- 50,000 IU Vitamin D weekly Improves Mood, Lowers Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetics – Oct 2013
- Insulin resistance during pregnancy improved with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 2 weeks – RCT April 2013
- Insulin improvement in obese teens with 4000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Feb 2013
Pages listed in BOTH of the categories Diabetes and Meta-analysis
- Diabetes and Vitamin D meta-analyses - many studies
- T2 Diabetes and associated CVD problems fought by Vitamin D (weekly 50,000 IU) – Sept 2024
- Type 2 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D (often 50,000 IU weekly) – meta-analysis July 2023
- T1 Diabetes increased by 27% by second year of COVID – meta-analysis June 2023
- Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes – only Vitamin D had high quality studies – meta-analysis Sept 2022
- Magnesium fights diabetes (yet again)– meta-analysis Nov 2021
- Insulin Resistance is associated with low Vitamin D (both diabetic and non-diabetic) – meta-analysis May 2021
- Diabetic Neuropathy 2.8X higher risk if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2021
- Prediabetes 1.5 X more likely to go away if take Vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2020
- Gestational diabetes risk reduced 1.5X by Vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2021
- Gestational Diabetes – increased risk if poor Vitamin D Receptor – 2 Meta-Analyses 2021
- T1 Diabetes 3X lower risk if high vitamin D (over 40 ng) – Meta-analysis Nov 2020
- Low Magnesium associated with diabetes, etc. – meta-analysis 2016
- Vitamin D reduced only the systolic blood pressure in T2DM – Meta-analysis April 2019
- Vitamin D helps Diabetic Nephropathy kidneys – meta-analysis April 2019
- Vitamin D treats Gestational Diabetes, decreases hospitalization and newborn complications – meta-analysis March 2019
- Diabetic Foot Ulcer 1.4 to 3.6 X more likely if low vitamin D – several meta-analyses
- Prediabetes treated by Vitamin D (34 ng, 3500 IU per day) – meta-analysis May 2018
- Diabetics helped by vitamin D in 5 ways – meta-analysis June 2018
- Diabetes treated and prevented by more than 2,000 IU of vitamin D (need more and gut-friendly) - meta-analyses 2018
- Gestational Diabetes 39 percent more likely if insufficient Vitamin D – Meta-analysis March 2018
- Diabetic inflammation reduced by Vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2018
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) 1.6 X more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Jan 2018
- Hyperglycemia associated with low vitamin D – type II diabetics and healthy people – meta-analysis Jan 2018
- Diabetes helped by daily 4,000 IU of Vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2017
- Diabetic nephropathy (Kidney problem) 1.8 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis July 2017
- Diabetic Retinopathy twice as likely if a T2 Diabetic has low level of vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2017
- Diabetic Retinopathy 2 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis Nov 2016
- Magnesium is associated with prevention and treatment of Diabetes – Meta-analysis Aug 2016
- Diabetic Retinopathy 27 percent more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2016
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 1.5X more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Oct 2015
- Diabetes not prevented by Vitamin D (when you ignore how much vitamin D was taken) – Sept 2015
- Diabetics are 2.7 X more likely to get peripheral neuropathy if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Dec 2014
- Diabetes not prevented or treated if give only modest amount of vitamin D or for short period of time – meta-analysis July 2014
- Type 2 diabetes 1.5X more likely if low vs high vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2013
- 4 percent less type 2 diabetes for every 4 ng more vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2013
- Vitamin D receptor gene associated with 50 percent more type 2 Diabetes – meta-analyses 2013, 2016
- Metabolic Syndrome in children is associated with low vitamin D – review Jan 2013
- Gestational diabetes 60 percent more likely below 20 ng of vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2012
- Diabetes down 13 percent if more than 500 IU of vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2011
With the predicted continued rise in patients diagnosed with diabetes and anticipated progressive loss of beta cell function in those already affected, there has been ongoing interest in understanding the mechanism of pathogenesis as well as identifying factors that may modulate dysglycemia.
Several observational and interventional studies have sought to demonstrate improvement in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity based on vitamin D status.
While this relationship has not been consistently seen in medical literature, is it likely due to the- duration of intervention,
- dose and underlying vitamin D status
as the most pronounced effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control has been observed in patients with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and who do not have established diabetes.
Evidence suggests that vitamin D’s effect on the immune system may play a role in reducing risk for developing type 1 diabetes. Therefore, improvement in vitamin D status throughout life may help reduce risk for developing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as improve glycemic control in those who have these disorders.
References
- 1. International Diabetes Federation Annual Report. 2014. http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/IDF-2014-Annual-Report-final.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016
- 2. CDC National Diabetes Statistics Report. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014StatisticsReport.html. Accessed 20 Mar 2016
- 3. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in Type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC study 30-year follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):686–93
- 4. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1577–89.CrossRefPubMed
- 5. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.CrossRefPubMed
- 6. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(7):720–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 7. Holick MF. Vitamin D, deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–81.CrossRefPubMed
- 8. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003;88(2):296–307.CrossRefPubMed
- 9. Haddad JG, Walgate J, Min C, Hahn TJ. Vitamin D metabolite-binding proteins in human tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976;444(3):921–5.CrossRefPubMed
- 10. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30.CrossRefPubMed
- 11. Palermo NE, Holick MF. Vitamin D, bone health, and other health benefits in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2014;7(2):179–92.PubMed
- 12. Adams JS, Hewison M. Update in vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):471–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 13. Mathieu C. Vitamin D, and diabetes: where do we stand? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;108(2):201–9.CrossRefPubMed
- 14. Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Optimize dietary intake of vitamin D: an epigenetic perspective. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(6):567–79.CrossRefPubMed
- 15. Park S, da Kim S, Kang S. Vitamin D deficiency impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and increases insulin resistance by reducing PPAR-γ expression in nonobese Type 2 diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;27:257–65.CrossRefPubMed
- 16. Institute of Medicine (IOM). Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Committee to review dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, Institute of Medicine; 2011. 17. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1153–8.CrossRefPubMed
- 18. Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Manson JE, Mayne ST, Ross AC, Shapses SA, Taylor CL. IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1146–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 19. Van Belle TL, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D in autoimmune, infectious and allergic diseases: a vital player? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(4):617–32.CrossRefPubMed
- 20. Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010;10(4):482–96.CrossRefPubMed
- 21. Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Garland FC. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide. Diabetologia. 2008;51(8):1391–8.CrossRefPubMed
- 22. Vitamin D. Supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) abetes mellitus. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetologia. 1999;42(1):51–4.CrossRef
- 23. Samuelsson U, Carstensen J, Löfman O, Nordfeldt S. Seasonal variation in the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in south-east Sweden. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76(1):75–81.CrossRefPubMed
- 24. Karvonen M, Viik-Kajander M, Moltchanova E, Libman I, LaPorte R, Tuomilehto J. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(10):1516–26.CrossRefPubMed
- 25. Knekt P, Laaksonen M, Mattila C, Härkänen T, Marniemi J, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H, Montonen J, Reunanen A. Serum vitamin D and subsequent occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology. 2008;19(5):666–71.CrossRefPubMed
- 26. Liu E, Meigs JB, Pittas AG, Economos CD, McKeown NM, Booth SL, Jacques PF. Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D score and incident type 2 diabetes in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(6):1627–33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 27. Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Seasonal variation of HbA1c in intensive treatment of children with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13(5):529–35.CrossRefPubMed
- 28. Braatvedt GD, Mildenhall L, Patten C, Harris G. Insulin requirements and metabolic control in children with diabetes mellitus attending a summer camp. Diabet Med. 1997;14(3):258–61.CrossRefPubMed
- 29. Gikas A, Sotiropoulos A, Pastromas V, Papazafiropoulou A, Apostolou O, Pappas S. Seasonal variation in fasting glucose and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2009;3(2):111–4. Jun 16.CrossRefPubMed
- 30. Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9292):1500–3.CrossRefPubMed
- 31. Stene LC, Joner G. Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case–control study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(6):1128–34.PubMed
- 32. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Singh V, Metcalf P, Baker J, Dryson E. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels decreased in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;27(3):181–8.CrossRefPubMed
- 33. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):820–5.PubMed
- 34. Ford ES, Ajani UA, McGuire LC, Liu S. Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(5):1228–30.CrossRefPubMed
- 35. Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Dakovska L, Kovacheva R. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57(4):258–61.PubMed
- 36. Kumar S, Davies M, Zakaria Y, Mawer EB, Gordon C, Olukoga AO, Boulton AJ. Improvement in glucose tolerance and beta-cell function in a patient with vitamin D deficiency during treatment with vitamin D. Postgrad Med J. 1994;70(824):440–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 37. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):650–6.CrossRefPubMed
- 38. Tseng CL, Brimacombe M, Xie M, Rajan M, Wang H, Kolassa J, Crystal S, Chen TC, Pogach L, Safford M. Seasonal patterns in monthly hemoglobin A1c values. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(6):565–74.CrossRefPubMed
- 39. Lindqvist PG, Olsson H, Landin-Olsson M. Are active sun exposure habits related to lowering risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, a prospective cohort study? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(1):109–14.CrossRefPubMed
- 40. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2017–29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 41. Hyppönen E, Power C. Vitamin D status and glucose homeostasis in the 1958 British birth cohort: the role of obesity. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(10):2244–6.CrossRefPubMed
- 42. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2813–8.CrossRefPubMed
- 43. Pittas AG, Sun Q, Manson JE, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(9):2021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 44. Robinson JG, Manson JE, Larson J, Liu S, Song Y, Howard BV, Phillips L, Shikany JM, Allison M, Curb JD, Johnson KC, Watts N. Lack of association between 25(OH)D levels and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(3):628–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 45. Grimnes G, Emaus N, Joakimsen RM, Figenschau Y, Jenssen T, Njølstad I, Schirmer H, Jorde R. Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the Tromsø Study 1994–95 and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus during 11 years of follow-up. Diabet Med. 2010;27(10):1107–15.CrossRefPubMed
- 46. Pilz S, van den Hurk K, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Van’t Riet E, Kienreich K, Tomaschitz A, Dekker JM. Vitamin D status, incident diabetes and prospective changes in glucose metabolism in older subjects: the Hoorn study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;22(10):883–9.CrossRefPubMed
- 47. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(12):1340–9.CrossRefPubMed
- 48. Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A, Hu FB, Franco OH, Li H, Li X, Yang X, Chen Y, Lin X. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1278–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 49. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503–11.CrossRefPubMed
- 50. Zoppini G, Galletti A, Targher G, Brangani C, Pichiri I, Trombetta M, Negri C, De Santi F, Stoico V, Cacciatori V, Bonora E. Lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 are associated with a higher prevalence of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2015;3(1), e000058.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 51. Arnold DL, Enquobahrie DA, Qiu C, Huang J, Grote N, VanderStoep A, Williams MA. Early pregnancy maternal vitamin D concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015;29(3):200–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 52. Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Sikaris K, Ebeling PR, Daly RM. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of the development of the metabolic syndrome at five years: results from a national, population-based prospective study (The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study: AusDiab). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6):1953–61.CrossRefPubMed
- 53. Deleskog A, Hilding A, Brismar K, Hamsten A, Efendic S, Östenson CG. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level predicts progression to type 2 diabetes in individuals with prediabetes but not with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2012;55(6):1668–78.CrossRefPubMed
- 54. Holick MF. The diabetes and death defining vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:388–90.CrossRefPubMed
- 55. Mitri J, Nelson J, Ruthazer R, Garganta C, Nathan DM, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B, Pittas AG. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of metabolic syndrome: an ancillary analysis in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(3):376–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 56. Chacko SA, Song Y, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Eaton C, Martin LW, McTiernan A, Curb JD, Wylie-Rosett J, Phillips LS, Plodkowski RA, Liu S. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(1):209–17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 57. Boonchaya-anant P, Holick MF, Apovian CM. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and metabolic health status in extremely obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(12):2539–43.
- 58 Ekwaru JP, Zwicker JD, Holick MF, Giovannucci E, Veugelers PJ. The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. PLoS One. 2014;9(11), e111265.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 59. Pietras SM, Obayan BK, Cai MH, Holick MF. Vitamin D2 treatment for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency for up to 6 years. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(19):1806–8.CrossRefPubMed
- 60. Biancuzzo RM, Clarke N, Reitz RE, Travison TG, Holick MF. Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):973–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
- 61. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.CrossRefPubMed
- 62. Takiishi R, Gysemans C, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Vitamin D and diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:419–46.CrossRefPubMed
Role of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes – Holick July 2017Printer Friendly Follow this page for updates3825 visitors, last modified 16 Jul, 2017, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)