Title of Medscape Multispecialty
Reporting on Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy: can the Mediterranean paradox be explained? A systematic review
Talk was presented at 17th European Congress of Endocrinology – May 2015
Spyridon Karras1, Stavroula A Paschou1, Eleni Kandaraki1, Panagiotis Anagnostis1, Cédric Annweiler 2,3, Basil C Tarlatzis1, Bruce W Hollis 4, William B Grant 5 & Dimitrios G Goulis1
1Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
2Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France;
3Department of Medical Biophysics, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada;
4Medical University of South Carolina Children’s Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina, USA;
5Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
Introduction: Despite high levels of sunshine, maternal hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy is prevalent in the Mediterranean region, consisting a paradox. The aim of the study was to systematically review trials that investigated vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy in this region, in order to determine predictors of hypovitaminosis D and explain the paradox.
Methods: After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 15 studies were entered into the systematic review, involving 2649 pregnant women and 1820 neonates. The main outcome was maternal vitamin D concentration. Possible predictors of the outcome included study, maternal and neonatal characteristics (
- age,
- BMI,
- race,
- socioeconomic status,
- skin type,
- gestational age,
- sun exposure,
- calcium and vitamin D intake and supplementation,
- smoking status,
- parity,
- season of delivery,
- pregnancy complications).
Results: Studies differed widely in vitamin D deficiency criteria, methods of measurement and outcomes.
However, prevalence of maternal and neonatal hypovitaminosis D was up to 90%.
Predictors of maternal hypovitaminosis D were
- dark skin phototype
- race and
- sartorial habits
Only a few pregnant women met the recommended dietary daily intake of calcium and vitamin D. Vitamin D supplementation was not a common practice.
Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy is prevalent in the Mediterranean region. Racial, social and cultural habits, as well as the absence of preventive strategies seem to negate the benefits of sun exposure.
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See also VitaminDWiki
- Pregnancy category listing has
923 items along with related searches - Dark skin pregnancies and Vitamin D - many studies
- Overview Middle East and vitamin D
- 84 percent had less than 30 ng of vitamin D (10,000 patients in Saudi Arabia) Sept 2014
- If heavily clothed, very little vitamin D – Dec 2012
- ALL of the top 10 health problems of women are associated with low vitamin D
- Overview Pregnancy and vitamin D has the following summary
IU Cumulative Benefit Blood level Cofactors Calcium $*/month 200 Better bones for mom
with 600 mg of Calcium6 ng/ml increase Not needed No effect $0.10 400 Less Rickets (but not zero with 400 IU)
3X less adolescent Schizophrenia
Fewer child seizures20-30 ng/ml Not needed No effect $0.20 2000 2X More likely to get pregnant naturally/IVF
2X Fewer dental problems with pregnancy
8X less diabetes
4X fewer C-sections (>37 ng)
4X less preeclampsia (40 ng vs 10 ng)
5X less child asthma
2X fewer language problems age 542 ng/ml Desirable < 750 mg $1 4000 2X fewer pregnancy complications
2X fewer pre-term births49 ng/ml Should have
cofactors< 750 mg $3 6000 Probable: larger benefits for above items
Just enough D for breastfed infant
More maternal and infant weightShould have
cofactors< 750 mg $4 And: Pregnancy problems vs Vitamin D level - GrassrootsHealth Feb 2015
Most Pregnant Women in Mediterranean Are Vitamin D Deficient – May 201515024 visitors, last modified 22 May, 2015, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)