High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: A National Cross-Sectional Survey
PLoS ONE 7(8): e43868. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043868 Aug 2012
Stefanie Vandevijvere 1*, Sihame Amsalkhir 2, Herman Van Oyen 1, Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes 2
1 Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium,
2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
An increasing number of studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes in mothers, neonates and children.
There are no representative country data available on vitamin D status of pregnant women in Europe.
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Belgian pregnant women and to assess the determinants of vitamin D status in the first and third trimester of pregnancy. The women were selected via a multi-stage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Blood samples were collected and a questionnaire was completed face-to-face.
55 obstetric clinics were randomly selected and 1311 pregnant women participated in the study.
The median serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] concentration was significantly lower in the first trimester (20.4 ng/ml) than in third trimester (22.7 ng/ml). Of all women, 74.1% (95%CI = 71.8–76.5%) were vitamin D insufficient (25-(OH)D <30 ng/ml), 44.6% (95%CI = 41.9–47.3%) were vitamin D deficient (25-(OH)D <20 ng/ml), while 12.1% (95%CI = 10.3–13.8%) were severely vitamin D deficient (25-(OH)D <10 ng/ml).
Of all women included,
- 62.0% reported taking vitamin D-containing multivitamins, of which
- only 24.2% started taking those before pregnancy.
The risk of vitamin D deficiency (25-(OH)D <20 ng/ml) was significantly higher for less educated women and women who reported not going on holidays to sunny climates.
The risk of severe vitamin D deficiency (25-(OH)D <10 ng/ml) decreased for women who
- reported alcohol consumption during pregnancy, decreased with
- more frequent use of sunscreen lotion and
- increased for smokers and women who reported
- preference for shadow.
In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women in Belgium and this raises concerns about the health consequences for the mother and the offspring. A targeted screening strategy to detect and treat women at high risk of severe vitamin D deficiency is needed in Belgium and in Europe.
Received: April 23, 2012; Accepted: July 26, 2012; Published: August 24, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Vandevijvere et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Chart from PDF: notice that dark skinned mothers not increase vitamin D levels much in the summer
* E-mail: stefanie.vandevijvere at wiv-isp.be
PDF is attached at the bottom of this page