Genetic, environmental and biomarker considerations delineating the regulatory effects of vitamin D on central nervous system function.
Br J Nutr. 2019 Oct 23:1-38. doi: 10.1017/S000711451900268X.
This study appears be be unaware of
1) Vitamin D metabolism other than CNS, liver and kidneys
2) Vitamin D getting to the brain via the nose - in addition to the blood
Cognitive category starts with the following
Very brief summary of Cognitive decline
Treatment : Vitamin D intervention slows or stops progression
Prevention : Many observational studies - perhaps Vitamin D prevents
Omega-3 both prevents and treats cognition
Wonder the benefits if both Vitamin D AND Omega-3 were to be used
Dementia page - 50 items
see also Overview Alzheimer's-Cognition and Vitamin D
Overview Parkinson's and Vitamin D
Cardiovascular (
Click here for details
Poor cognition 26 percent more likely if low Vitamin D (29 studies) – meta-analysis July 2017
Every schizophrenia measure was improved when vitamin D levels were normalized – June 2021
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia often associated with low Vitamin D – April 2020
IQ levels around the world are falling (perhaps lower Vitamin D, Iodine, or Omega-3)
Search VitaminDWiki for "WHITE MATTER" 325 items as of March 2023
Types of evidence that Vitamin D helps brain problems - 2014
Items in BOTH the categories Cognition and Vitamin D Receptor Gene
- Alzheimer's 9X more likely in women with a poor Vitamin D receptor – Sept 2022
- Alzheimer's disease 1.8 X higher risk if poor Vitamin D Receptor (if not take action) - May 2022
- 2X higher risk of Alzheimer’s if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Meta-analysis June 2021
- Lower vitamin D in blood causes Alzheimer's Disease (Mendelian gene analysis) – Dec 2019
- Cognitive decline not helped by daily vitamin D getting to just 30 ng – RCT July 2019
- Alzheimer’s is associated with all 7 of the genes which restrict vitamin D from getting to tissues – Sept 2018
- Resveratrol for Alzheimer's disease – Sept 2017
- Alzheimer’s (1.2X) and Parkenson’s (1.3X) more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis March 2019
- Treating herpes reduced incidence of senile dementia by 10 X (HSV1 reduces VDR by 8X) – 2018
- Body may change gene activation if more Vitamin D is needed (Schizophrenia in this case) – Oct 2018
- Alzheimer’s associated with Vitamin D and Vitamin D receptor – video and pdf – Aug 2018
- Cerebral small vessel disease 2.5 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Sept 2018
- Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with genes which restrict vitamin D – Aug 2015
- Parkinson's and Alzheimer's: associations with vitamin D receptor genes and race – meta-analysis July 2014
- Alzheimer’s patients 3X more likely to have a malfunctioning vitamin D receptor gene – 2012
- Alzheimer’s patients are genetically 70 percent more likely to be vitamin D in-efficient – Feb 2012
Items of Cognition and Intervention (give Vitamin D and see what happens)
- APOE-04 Alzheimer’s progression slowed up by Omega-3 – RCT Aug 2024
- Senior cognition improved in 4 ways by Vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly for 8 weeks) – Sept 2023
- Every schizophrenia measure was improved when vitamin D levels were normalized – June 2021
- Mild cognitive decline reversed by a year of just 800 IU Vitamin D daily – RCT Dec 2020
- Methadone cognition improved by 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 2 weeks – RCT May 2019
- Schizophrenia reduced by biweekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D and probiotics – RCT Feb 2019
- Cognitive function of adult women improved in 3 months of 50,000 IU weekly Vitamin D – Jan 2019
- Amyloid brain plaque both prevented and removed by high vitamin D (in mice) – Aug 2018
- Cognition improved a tiny amount with 400 IU of vitamin D (not a surprise) – RCT Oct 2018
- 9,000 dollar prize for RCT which found cognition improved after taking 4,000 IU of Vitamin D for 18 weeks – May 2018
- Senior cognition improved somewhat by 4,000 IU of Vitamin D (if initially less than 30 ng) – RCT April 2017
- Vitamin D and Glutamine reduced Trauma Center deaths by half – Matthews March 2017
- Mental health intervention trials using enough vitamin D for long enough found benefits – Jan 2017
- Visual memory improved a bit by vitamin D if start with less than 30 ng – RCT Jan 2017
- Cognition of Alzheimer’s patients improved by daily 4,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2015
- 2,000 IU of vitamin D reduced schizophrenia chance by 77 percent (male infants) - 2004
- Better memory if take lots of vitamin D (senior rats) – May 2015
- Severe Alzheimer's delayed by 1 year with vitamin D intervention – March 2014
- Vitamin D aided progesterone in reducing traumatic brain injury – RCT Dec 2012
- Age-related cognitive decline in rats mitigated by Vitamin D intervention – RCT Oct 2012
Items of Cognition and Meta-analysis
- Alzheimer’s 1.6X more likely if vitamin D is less than 25 ng – meta-analysis July 2023
- Alzheimer’s patients have less Magnesium – meta-analysis Jan 2022
- Delirium or cognitive problems after surgery 1.5X more likely if low vitamin D –meta-analysis Aug 2022
- 2X higher risk of Alzheimer’s if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Meta-analysis June 2021
- Alzheimer’s Disease risk is 1.9 X higher if Vitamin D deficient- meta-analysis Feb 2020
- Alzheimer’s Disease risk is 1.3X higher if Vitamin D deficient – meta-analysis Nov 2019
- Mental disorders fought by Omega-3 etc. - meta-meta-analysis Oct 2019
- Alzheimer's risk increased 7 percent for every 4 ng decrease in Vitamin D– meta-analysis Nov 2018
- Dementia is associated with low vitamin D - many studies
- Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's reduced by higher levels of Vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2018
- Poor cognition 26 percent more likely if low Vitamin D (29 studies) – meta-analysis July 2017
- Dementia risk factor is increased by 1.5 if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Jan 2017
- Omega-3 helps childhood cognition – meta-analysis April 2016
- Poor cognition associated with low vitamin D in elderly (Asians now too) – meta-analysis March 2016
- Cognitive decline in elderly slowed by Omega-3 – meta-analysis May 2015
- Alzheimer’s disease 21 percent more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Aug 2015
- Parkinson's and Alzheimer's: associations with vitamin D receptor genes and race – meta-analysis July 2014
- Brain (Alzheimer’s) worked better with Vitamin D intervention – meta-analysis July 2013
- Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases associated with low vitamin D – meta-analysis June 2013
- Alzheimer's Disease more likely with low vitamin D – meta-analysis Oct 2012
- Alzheimer disease associated with 2.5 ng less vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2012
- Cognitive Impairment 2.4X more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2012
Download the PDF from Sci-Hub via VitaminDWiki
Stephenson A1,2, Mamo JCL1,3, Takechi R1,3, Hackett MJ1,4, Lam V1,3.
1 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
2 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
3 School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Australia.
4 School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Australia.
Studies show that vitamin D (vit-D) (25(OH)D); the bioactive metabolite (1,25(OH)2D3) and vit-D receptors (VDR: vit-D receptor; PDIA3: Protein-Disulphide-Isomerase, family A member 3) are expressed throughout the brain, particularly in regions pivotal to learning and memory. This has led to the paradigm that avoiding vit-D deficiency is important to preserve cognitive function. However, presently it is not clear if the common clinical measure of serum 25(OH)D serves as a robust surrogate marker for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis or function. Indeed, recent studies report CNS-biosynthesis of endogenous 25(OH)D; the CNS expression of the CYP-group of enzymes which catalyse conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 and thereafter, deactivation. Moreover, in the periphery, there is significant ethnic/genetic heterogeneity in vit-D conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3 and there is a paucity of studies which have actually investigated vit-D kinetics across the cerebrovasculature.
Compared to peripheral organs, the CNS also has differential expression of receptors that trigger cellular response to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolites. To holistically consider the putative association of peripheral (blood) abundance of 25(OH)D on cognitive function, herein, we have reviewed population and genetic studies; pre-clinical and clinical intervention studies and moreover, have considered potential confounders of vit-D analysis.
Clipped from PDF
- "Recently, another CNS-rich protein has been implicated in rapid intracellular signalling induced by 1,25(OH)2D3, namely Protein-Disulphide-Isomerase, family A member 3 (PDIA3), a membranebound vit-D receptor(70). Notably, the PDIA3 expression in brain is orders of magnitude greater than hepatic and renal PDIA3 expression, particularly in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, regional areas critical to cognitive function (Fig. 1)"
- "Consistent with the regional distribution of VDR, CYP27B1 was clearly indicated throughout the entirety of the CA1, CA2 and CA3- HPF regions, brain regions pivotal for spatial learning and memory formation and considered one of most vulnerable regions in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
- "In Alzheimer’s disease, hypovitaminosis-D is associated with a 2.4 fold increased risk for cognitive impairment(14)"
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