How vitamin D benefits normal organs and Long-COVID organs – Jan 2025

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Comparison of the role of vitamin D in normal organs and those affected by COVID-19

Int J Med Sci 2025; 22(2):240-251. doi:10.7150/ijms.103260
Rajendran Peramaiyan1,2 Corresponding address#, Josephine Anthony3 Corresponding address#, Sureka Varalakshmi3, Ashok Kumar Sekar4, Enas M. Ali1,5, Al Hashedi Sallah A6, Basem M. Abdallah1

• 1. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
• 2. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
• 3. Department of Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai - 600 078, Tamil Nadu, India.
• 4. Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
• 5. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt.
• 6. Central Laboratories, Department of microbiology, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

#: Equal Contribution.
Corresponding authors: Dr. P. Rajendran; Dr. A. Josephine. E-mail: prajendran at kfu.edu.sa; ajosephineanthony at gmail.com.

Benefits to normal organs

Benefits to Long-COVID organs

Benefits to BOTH normal organs and Long-COVID organs

The outbreak of COVID-19 has opened up new avenues for exploring the importance of vitamin D in immunity, in addition to its role in calcium absorption. Recently, vitamin D supplementation has been found to enhance T regulatory lymphocytes, which are reduced in individuals with COVID-19. Increased risk of pneumonia and increases in inflammatory cytokines have been reported to be major threats associated with vitamin-D deficiency. Although vaccination reduces the threat of COVID-19 to a certain extent, herd immunity is the long-term solution to overcoming such diseases. Co-administration of vitamin D with certain inactivated vaccines has been reported to enhance the systemic immune response through stimulation of the production of antigen-specific mucosal immunity.

COVID-19 was found to induce multiple organ damage, and vitamin D has a beneficial role in various organs, such as the

• intestines,
• pancreas,
• prostate,
• kidneys,
• liver,
• heart,
• brain, and
• immune cells.

The consequences that occur after COVID-19 infection known as long COVID-19 are also a concern as they accumulate and target multiple organs, leading to immune dysregulation.
The present review covers the overall role and impact of vitamin D and its deficiency for various organs in normal conditions and after COVID-19 infection, which is still a serious issue.
 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki

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• 96. Oz F, Cizgici AY, Oflaz H, Elitok A, Karaayvaz EB, Mercanoglu F, Bugra Z, Omer B, Adalet K, Oncul A. Impact of vitamin D insufficiency on the epicardial coronary flow velocity and endothelial function. Coron Artery Dis. 2013;24(5):392-397
• 97. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Gupta A. The role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(2):293-297
• 98. Sengupta T, Majumder R, Majumder S. Role of vitamin D in treating COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: problems and perspectives. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021Jun;476(6):2421-2427
• 99. Ulivieri FM, Banfi G, Camozzi V, Colao A, Formenti AM, Frara S, Lombardi G, Napoli N, Giustina A. Vitamin D in the Covid-19 era: a review with recommendations from a GIOSEG expert panel. Endocrine. 2021Jun;72(3):597-603
• 100. Purnama DI, Kusuma WLF, Purnama DK. et al. The role of vitamin D and cardiovascular risk in COVID-19 patients. Cardiovasc Metab Sci. 2021;32(3):149-156
• 101. Mohammadifard N, Sadeghian L, Hassannejad R, Khosravi E, Gharipour M, Karimi S, Hosseini S, Sepahifar M, Bahrami G, Haghighatdoost F, Sarrafzadegan N. Comparing vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in rs11568820, rs7970314, rs4334089 between COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms: a case control study. Sci Rep. 2024May3;14(1):10170 doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-57424-0
• 102. Zeidan NMS, Lateef HMAE, Selim DM, Razek SA, Abd-Elrehim GAB, Nashat M, ElGyar N, Waked NM, Soliman AA, Elhewala AA, Shehab MMM, Ibraheem AAA, Shehata H, Yousif YM, Akeel NE, Hashem MIA, Ahmed AA, Emam AA, Abdelmohsen MM, Ahmed MF, Saleh ASE, Eltrawy HH, Shahin GH, Nabil RM, Hosny TA, Abdelhamed MR, Afify MR, Alharbi MT, Nagshabandi MK, Tarabulsi MK, Osman SF, Abd-Elrazek ASM, Rashad MM, El-Gaaly SAA, Gad SAB, Mohamed MY, Abdelkhalek K, Yousef AA. Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism as risk factors for COVID-19. Pediatr Res. 2023Apr;93(5):1383-1390 doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02275-6
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VitaminDWiki - Long-COVID is now the biggest COVID concern - many studies contains

• Long-COVID fatigue, anxiety, and cognition treated by 60,000 IU of vitamin D weekly – RCT July 2024
• Long-COVID 3.1 X more likely if insufficient amounts of Magnesium and Vitamin D – March 2024
• Long-COVID a month shorter if more than 20 ng of Vitamin D - Jan 2024
• The ONLY Solution to Long COVID (Vitamin D) - video and transcript Sept 2023
• COVID, Long-COVID and Vitamin D in children - Review April 2023
• COVID, Long COVID, and Vitamin D – May 2023
• Vitamin D might also help the Long-COVID older adult – Jan 2023

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VitaminDWiki - COVID protects itself by deactivating the Vitamin D Receptor

COVID virus fails to re-activate the VDR as it leaves: low cellular vitamin D, but not lower blood vitamin D

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VitaminDWiki - 12 studies in both categories Virus and Cognition

"This list is automatically updated''

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VitaminDWiki - 20 studies in both categories Virus and Cardiovascular

This list is automatically updated

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