Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women
Maturitas, online 18 October 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.011
Eneida Boteon Schmitt, Jorge Nahas-Neto, Flavia Bueloni-Dias, Priscila Ferreira Poloni, Claudio Lera Orsatti, Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas,
Fails to mention increased Metabolic Syndrome assocated with Dark Skin, Obesity, and fatty liver
- Metabolic Syndrome 10% less likely for every 4 ng increase in Vitamin D – Jan 2013
- Low vitamin D with metabolic syndrome increased risk of senior cognitive impairment by 3X – July 2016
- Metabolic Syndrome risk reduced 44 percent when vitamin D levels increased by 30 nanograms – Aug 2015 Which is similar to the earlier study on this page
- Metabolic Syndrome 40 percent less likely in seniors with vitamin D – Dec 2014
- Metabolic syndrome 2.4 X more likely if senior women had low vitamin D – Nov 2013
- Risk of Metabolic syndrome for senior women reduced 42 percent by 1,000 IU of vitamin D – June 2019
- Overview Metabolic Syndrome and vitamin D - which includes the following chart
- This study was referenced in Half of Women Over 50 Desperately Need This Potent Nutrient (Vitamin D) – April 2018
Items in both categories Metabolic Syndrome and Women are listed here:
- Metabolic Syndrome 3.5 X more likely if both Vitamin D and Estrogen are low (senior women)– June 2019
- Metabolic Syndrome associated with low vitamin D in abdominal obese women – Jan 2019
- Half of Women Over 50 Desperately Need This Potent Nutrient (Vitamin D) – April 2018
- Metabolic syndrome 1.9 X more likely if senior women had less than 30 ng of Vitamin D – Oct 2017
- Metabolic syndrome 2.4 X more likely if senior women had low vitamin D – Nov 2013
Highlights
- Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are important public health issues.
- Several studies of the general population have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes and insulin resistance. However, data for postmenopausal women are sparse and contradictory.
- We evaluated the association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
- Vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
- Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein than those with adequate levels.
Objective: To evaluate the association between vitamin D (VD) deficiency and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in postmenopausal women.
Study design: Observational, cross-sectional cohort study.
Main outcome measures
In this study, 463 women, aged 45-75 years, with amenorrhea >12 months, without VD supplementation or established cardiovascular disease were included. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. Biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] were measured. Women meeting three or more of the following criteria were diagnosed with MetS: waist circumference >88 cm, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, HDL <50 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg and glucose ≥100 mg/dL. Serum 25(OH)D levels were classified as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL) or deficient (< 20 ng/mL). ANOVA, chi-square test and logistic regression (odds ratio, OR) were used for statistical analysis.
Results
Serum 25(OH)D levels were sufficient in 148 women (32.0%), insufficient in 151 (32.6%) and deficient in 164 (35.4%). Women with low 25(OH)D levels had higher TC, triglycerides, insulin and HOMA-IR levels (p < 0.05). MetS was detected in 57.8% (182/315) of women with hypovitaminosis D (insufficient and deficient) and in 39.8% (59/148) of those with sufficient VD (p = 0.003).
In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, a low 25(OH)D level (<30 ng/mL) was significantly associated with
- MetS (OR 1.90, 95%CI = 1.26-2.85),
- high triglyceride levels (OR 1.55, 95%CI = 1.13-2.35), and
- low HDL levels (OR 1.60, 95%CI = 1.19-2.40) (p < 0.05)
compared with women with sufficient 25(OH)D levels, after adjusting for age, time since menopause, body mass index, smoking and physical exercise. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D decreased with increasing numbers of MetS components (p = 0.016).
Conclusions
VD deficiency in postmenopausal women was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS. Women with VD deficiency had a higher risk of MetS, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL than those with adequate levels.
Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Note: It appears from the PDF that the four MS components are
insulin, fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, arterial hypertension
There are various MS lists on the internet - example:
hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and obesity