Leprosy, low Vitamin D and poor Vitamin D Receptor - many studies

• Leprosy associated with changes to Vitamin D receptor genes (VDR)– April 2015
  • Conventional VDR changes
• Those with Leprosy were 4.6 X more likely to have low vitamin D – Feb 2021
• 8 times less bacteria in blood of HIV patients if Vitamin D levels greater than 30 ng – April 2016
• Vitamin D reduced bacterial infection in cows – RCT Sept 2013
• Bacterial vaginosis reduced 10 times by 2,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT June 2015
• Vitamin D Receptor category listing has 530 items along with related searches
• The risk of 40 diseases at least double with poor Vitamin D Receptor as of July 2019
• Skin physiology, pathology and vitamin D - review Jan 2016

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Vitamin D is treating and preventing Leprosy in Myanmar

• Vitamin D is treating and preventing Leprosy in Myanmar (Burma) - April 2019

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Leprosy 28X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor - Dec 2017

A novel vitamin D receptor polymorphism associated with leprosy
Journal of Dermatological Science, online 23 December 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.007
Highlights from PDF
 A new polymorphism, A61894G, in VDR gene was associated with leprosy
 The transversion (G>A) conferred susceptibility for disease in PB group
 T61968C and A61894G polymorphisms interaction are crucial in M. leprae infection
 TCAA genotype and negative Mitsuda presented 28.33-fold chance to develop the leprosy
 Download the PDF from Sci-Hub via VitaminDWiki

Chance of leprosy occurrence (odds ratio) by the association of VDR gene polymorphisms and Mitsuda test results in patients and household contacts

Leprosy appears also to be related to many of the other VDR gene polymorphisms

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Leprosy 3X more likely if poor VDR – Nov 2018

VDR polymorphism, gene expression and vitamin D levels in leprosy patients from North Indian population
PLOS x, Nov 27, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006823
Itu Singh , Mallika Lavania, Vinay Kumar Pathak , Madhvi Ahuja , Ravindra P. Turankar, Vikram Singh, Utpal Sengupta

Background
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and mainly affects skin, peripheral nerves. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism has been found to be associated with leprosy. Vitamin D has been shown to control several host immunomodulating properties through VDR gene. Vitamin D deficiency was also found to be linked to an increased risk for several infections and metabolic diseases.

Objective
In the present study, we investigated the association of VDR gene polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of VDR and the vitamin D levels with leprosy and its reactional states.

Methodology
A total of 305 leprosy patients consisting of tuberculoid (TT), borderline tuberculoid (BT), borderline lepromatous (BL), lepromatous leprosy (LL), as well as 200 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VDR Taq1, Fok1 and Apa1, as well as the expression of VDR mRNA gene using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and real-time PCR respectively. We also performed ELISA to measure vitamin D levels.

Result
We observed that SNP of VDR gene (Fok1 and Taq1) are associated with the leprosy disease. The allelic frequency distribution of T and t allele (p = 0.0037), F and f allele (p = 0.0024) was significantly higher in leprosy patients and healthy controls. ff genotype of Fok1 was found to be associated with leprosy patients [p = 0.0004; OR (95% CI) 3.148 (1.662–5.965)]. The recessive model of Fok1 genotype was also found to be significantly associated in leprosy patients in comparison to healthy controls [p = 0.00004; OR (95% CI) 2.85 (1.56–5.22)]. Leprosy patients are significantly associated with t-F-a haplotype. Further, VDR gene expression was found to be lower in non-reaction group compared to that of reaction group of leprosy and healthy controls. Paradoxically, we noted no difference in the levels of vitamin D between leprosy patients and healthy controls.

Conclusion
Blood levels of vitamin D do not play any role in clinical manifestations of any forms of leprosy. ff genotype of Fok1 and tt genotype of Taq1 was found to be associated with leprosy per se. Association of t-F-a haplotype with leprosy was found to be significant and could be used as a genetic marker to identify individuals at high risk for developing leprosy. VDR gene expression was lower in TT/BT and BL/LL groups of leprosy in comparison to that of healthy controls.

Author summary
Present study was carried out to find out the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism, mRNA gene expression of VDR gene and level of vitamin D with leprosy reactions and leprosy patients. Surprisingly, level of vitamin D in leprosy patients was not found to be associated with the disease and its manifestations. VDR genotypes (Fok1 and Taq1) were found to be associated with leprosy patients. t-F-a haplotype was significantly associated with leprosy patients. Gene expression of vitamin D receptor was lower in leprosy patients in comparison to healthy controls.

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Higher VDR, much less Leprosy - March 2019

Correlation of Serum Vitamin D Receptor Level with Bacterial Index in Multibacillary Leprosy Patients at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali-Indonesia

• "For the correlation of plasma VDR level and the bacterial index, using Spearman correlation, there was strong negative correlation between plasma VDR level and bacterial index (r = – 0.954; p < 0.001)."

Leprosy risk is reduced by 3X for some types of Vitamin D Receptor (Brazil) – Sept 2019

Leprosy risk is reduced by 3X for some types of Vitamin D Receptor (Brazil) – Sept 2019 in VitaminDWiki

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Leprosy associated with lower Cathelicidin (Brazil) - July 2020

Hypovitaminosis D and Reduced Cathelicidin Are Strongly Correlated During the Multidrug Therapy Against Leprosy
Microb Pathog. 2020 Jul 6;104373. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104373
Ana Laura Grossi de Oliveira 1, Ana Thereza Chaves 1, Mariana Santos Cardoso 2, Guilherme Rafael Gomide Pinheiro 2, Augusto César Parreiras de Jesus 1, Maria Aparecida de Faria Grossi 3, Sandra Lyon 4, Lilian Lacerda Bueno 2, Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha 1, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara 5, Cristiane Alves da Silva Menezes 6
 Download the PDF from sci-hub via VitaminDWiki
Search VitaminDWiki for Cathelicidin 152 results outside of PDFs as of July 2020

Mycobacterium leprae infection depends on the competence of the host immune defense to induce effective protection against this intracellular pathogen. The present study investigated the serum levels of vitamin D and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, to determine the statistical correlation between them in leprosy patients before and post-six months of multidrug therapy (MDT), household contacts, and healthy individuals. Previous studies associated these molecules with high risks to develop mycobacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. A total of 34 leprosy patients [paucibacillary (n = 14), multibacillary (n = 20)], and 25 household contacts were recruited. Eighteen healthy adults were selected as a control group. Serum concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)VD3) and cathelicidin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, respectively. There were no significant differences in serum levels of 25(OH)VD3 between all groups, and the overall prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency was 67.1%. Cathelicidin levels were significantly lower in both untreated and treated patients when compared to controls and household contacts (p < 0.05). Strong correlations between hypovitaminosis D and reduced cathelicidin in untreated (r = 0.86) and post-six months of MDT (r = 0.79) leprosy patients were observed. These results suggest that vitamin D status and cathelicidin levels are strongly correlated during multidrug therapy for leprosy and nutritional supplementation from the beginning of treatment could strengthen the immune response against leprosy.

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Some PubMed studies of Leprosy, genes, and Vitamin D Receptor

 Evaluation of the economic burden of leprosy among migrant and resident patients in Guangdong Province, China - 2017
 Gene Association with Leprosy: A Review of Published Data - 2016
 VDR polymorphism, gene expression and vitamin D levels in leprosy patients from North Indian population - 2018
 Vitamin D receptor expression levels determine the severity and complexity of disease progression among leprosy reaction patients - 2015
 Vitamin D receptor expression ... severity of leprosy: a systematic review - 2017
 Leprosy difficult to diagnose and treat -Vit D and VDR mentioned - 2018

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See also web - Leprosy (nothing about Vitamin D nor VDR)

• 2X increase in Leprosy in Mumbai in 2022 vs 2021
• "Adverse reactions in leprosy patients who underwent dapsone multidrug therapy: a retrospective study" 2017
  • 1% get adverse drug reactions - Jaundice was the most common
  •  Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
• What Is Leprosy? Embrace a Village - extensive information, Their FACT section follows
  Leprosy is also called Hansen’s disease, named after Dr. Gerhard-Henrik Armauer Hansen of Norway, the first to identify M. leprae as the bacteria that causes leprosy.
  Leprosy is only mildly contagious. Most people—approximately 95% of us—have a natural immunity to leprosy.
  Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy (MDT). Soon after beginning MDT, patients are no longer considered contagious.
  Approximately 200,000 new cases of leprosy are reported each year.
     50% to 66% of all new cases occur in India.
  Approximately 150 people are diagnosed with leprosy in the United States each year.
  Other than humans, armadillos are the only other animal know to host the leprosy bacillus.
  Because of the stigma associated with the disease, many do not seek treatment until the disease has progressed. It is estimated that 2 million people worldwide suffer disabilities resulting from leprosy.
  Contrary to popular belief, leprosy does not cause limbs and digits to “fall off” of the body. Instead, repeated injury and infection—as a result of loss of sensation—leads to the shortening of fingers, toes, and limbs as tissue is absorbed into the body.
• Leprosy Wikipedia
  infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
  " Most new cases occur in 16 countries, with India accounting for more than half."
  
  

Leprosy is Declining Information is Beautiful - 2020

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