Zinc Deficiency and Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature
J Card Failure, 2020 Jan 11, DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.01.005
Hannah Rosenblum 1, Jeffrey D Wessler 1, Aakriti Gupta 2, Mathew S Maurer 1, Behnood Bikdeli 3
Zinc helps Vitamin D (activates Vitamin D Receptor and thus gets more D to cell tissue)
Zinc helps Omega-3
Zinc helps immune system
Many people have Zinc levels below the recommended minimum
Download the PDF from Sci-Hub via VitaminDWiki
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that impacts the cardiovascular system through modulation of oxidative stress.
It is unknown whether zinc levels are affected in heart failure (HF), and whether the association, if present, is causal.
A systematic search for publications that report coexisting zinc deficiency in HF patients was performed to provide an overview of the pathophysiological and epidemiological aspects of this association (last search April 2019).
Review of the literature suggests multiple potential pathophysiologic causes for zinc deficiency in HF as a result of
- impaired micronutrient consumption,
- hyper-inflammatory state,
- upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis,
- diminished absorption, and
- hyperzincuria from HF medications.
In a longitudinal study of patients with HF in the setting of intestinal malabsorption, there was partial cardiomyocyte and left ventricular ejection fraction recovery with intravenous selenium and zinc supplementation. Two randomized double-blind control trials evaluating micro and macro nutrient supplementation including zinc in HF patients found improvement in echocardiographic findings when compared to placebo. Two recently completed studies evaluated the role for zinc supplementation in two different HF populations: a trial of zinc supplementation in patients with non-ischemic HF, and a trial of micronutrient supplementation (including B vitamins, vitamin D, and zinc) in veterans with systolic dysfunction; the results of which are still pending. Several pathobiological pathways to link zinc deficiency with the development and deterioration of HF are presented. Preliminary clinical data are supportive of such an association and future studies should further investigate the effects of zinc supplementation on outcomes in HF patients.
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