T2 Diabetes is also fought by Vitamin K2 – several studies

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Effect of vitamin K2 on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review – 2018

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice - Vol 136, Feb 2018, Pages 39-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.020
Yan Li a, Jie peng Chen b, Lili Duan b, Shuzhuang Li a

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continue to be a major public health problem around the world that frequently presents with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Individuals with T2DM are not only suffering from significant emotional and physical misery, but also at increased risk of dying from severe complications. In recent years, evidence from prospective observational studies and clinical trials has shown T2DM risk reduction with vitamin K2 supplementation. We thus did an overview of currently available studies to assess the effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on insulin sensitivity, glycaemic control and reviewed the underlying mechanisms. We proposed that vitamin K2 improved insulin sensitivity through involvement of vitamin K-dependent-protein osteocalcin, anti-inflammatory properties, and lipid-lowering effects. Vitamin K2 had a better effect than vitamin K1 on T2DM. The interpretation of this review will increase comprehension of the development of a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat T2DM.
 Download the PDF from Sci-Hub via VitaminDWiki

Introduction
T2DM manifests when pancreatic β-cells fail to compensate for chronic elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia) that occurs when glucose uptake in the insulin-sensitive tissues become imbalanced during insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, a state that precedes T2DM, is one of the major sign of pathogenesis and etiology of T2DM. It is becoming increasingly obvious that chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation attends obesity, and insulin resistance leads to the progression from obesity to T2DM. T2DM frequently presents with microvascular and macrovascular complications, lead to long-term damage, malfunction and failure of various organs and systems, especially the eyes, kidneys, nervous and cardiovascular systems. Importantly, it has been considered as a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases that accounts for approximately 70% of all mortality in patients with diabetes. If patients fail to maintain normal blood glucose levels, the long-term complications will impose significant emotional or physical burdens on patients, family and society.

In recent years, evidence from prospective observational studies and clinical trials has shown T2DM risk reduction with vitamin K supplementation. Vitamins are vital micronutrients that the organism cannot synthesize sufficient quantity and obtained mainly from diet. Henrik Dam, who later shared the 1943 Nobel Prize in medicine with Edward Doisy for their work on vitamin K, in 1935, discovered a fat soluble factor with similar physical properties to vitamin E but different physiological clotting function from any known vitamin. Dam called this new factor “the anti-hemorrhagic vitamin” which finally got the name “vitamin K” based on the Scandinavian and German spelling of ‘‘Koagulations’’ [1]. Vitamin K also functions as a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase which is essential for the conversion of glutamate (Glu) residues to γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla). Two vitamin K- dependent-proteins, osteocalcin and matrix-Gla protein, present in skeletal and vascular system, and vitamin K has been reported plays a role in cardiovascular system and skeletal health [2].

Vitamin K exists mainly in two biologically active forms: vitamin K1 (also known as phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (also known as menaquinone). Vitamin K1 is naturally produced by plants and most abundant in green leafy vegetables [3]. Vitamin K2 is predominantly found in meat, eggs, curd, cheese, and fermented soybeans (natto). In addition, bacteria in human intestine also synthesize menaquinone. Menaquinones are abbreviated as MK-n where M represents menaquinone, K represents vitamin K, and n stands for the number of isoprenoid side chain length [4].

The importance of vitamin K2 for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease is well-recongnized [5], [6], and there are some suggestions of a role for vitamin K2 in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing T2DM risk [7], [8]. Here we provided an overview of currently available studies to assess the effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on insulin sensitivity, glycaemic control and review the underlying mechanisms. We proposed that vitamin K2 improved insulin sensitivity through involvement of vitamin K-dependent-protein osteocalcin, anti-inflammatory properties, and lipid-lowering effects. Vitamin K2 had a better effect than vitamin K1 on T2DM. The interpretation of this review will promote the development of a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat T2DM.

Section snippets
Vitamin K2 reduces the risk of T2DM
Beulens et al. examined the associations of dietary phylloquinone and menaquinone intakes with the risk of T2DM in a large samples of 38,094 Dutch men and women (20–70 y) in prospective cohort study. Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinone intakes were analyzed by using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). It had been observed that menaquinone intake tended to be inversely associated with risk of T2DM with an Hazard Ratio of 0.95 for each 10-μg increment (P = .060). In the final multivariate...

Osteocalcin is a vitamin K- dependent protein
Vitamin K shares the common structure, 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone, functioning as a cofactor for the enzyme, γ-glutamate carboxylase (GGCX) which is essential for vitamin K-dependent-protein to convert glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamic (Gla) residues. Osteocalcin is a kind of vitamin K-dependent–protein and synthesized by osteoblasts. It contains a propeptide recognition site that is essential for binding to GGCX and undergoes an unusual post-translational modification. After carboxylation, the...

The effect of different forms of vitamin K on T2DM
As for the effect of different forms of vitamin K on T2DM, results from Beulens et al. [8] showed that in an age-, sex-, and waist-adjusted model, vitamin K1 intake was not associated with risk of T2DM with an HR of 1.00 (95% CI 0.97–1.03) for each 50-μg increment, whereas vitamin K2 intake tended to be inversely associated (P = .060) with risk of T2DM with an HR of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91–1.01) for each 10-μg increment. And Spline regression showed evidence of a nonlinear relation (P = .053) between ...

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2 of the References

• P. Manna et al. Beneficial role of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and the reduced risk of type 2 diabetes: a review Nutrition (2016)
• M. Yoshida et al. Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin resistance in older men and women Diabetes Care (2008)

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VitaminDWiki - 6 studies in both categories Diabetes and Vitamin K

This list is automatically updated

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VitaminDWiki – Overview Diabetes and vitamin D contains

• Diabetes is 5X more frequent far from the equator
• Children getting 2,000 IU of vitamin D are 8X less likely to get Type 1 diabetes
• Obese people get less sun / Vitamin D - and also vitamin D gets lost in fat
• Sedentary people get less sun / Vitamin D
• Worldwide Diabetes increase has been concurrent with vitamin D decrease and air conditioning
• Elderly get 4X less vitamin D from the same amount of sun
      Elderly also spend less time outdoors and have more clothes on
• All items in category Diabetes and Vitamin D 553 items: both Type 1 and Type 2

Vitamin D appears to both prevent and treat diabetes

• Appears that >2,000 IU will Prevent
• Appears that >4,000 IU will Treat , but not cure
• 90% less T2 Diabetes in the group having lots of Vitamin D
• Appears that Magnesium helps both Prevention and Treatment
• Many diabetics would be better treated if Gut-Friendly Vitamin D were used

Number of articles in both categories of Diabetes and:

• Dark Skin 24;   Intervention 57;   Meta-analysis 40;   Obesity 36;  Pregnancy 44;   T1 (child) 39;  Omega-3 11;  Vitamin D Receptor 24;  Genetics 13;  Magnesium 30    Click here to see details

Some Diabetes studies

• Take Vitamin D to prevent prediabetes from progressing into diabetes – American Diabetic Association – 2024
• Diabetes and Vitamin D meta-analyses - many studies 39+ as of Nov 2024
• 99.7% of people who got Diabetes had been regularly consuming food emulsifiers - May 2024
• Type 2 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D (often 50,000 IU weekly) – meta-analysis July 2023
• Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022
• Incidence of Type-2 Diabetes increased 3X in 30 years (by the way, Vitamin D helps) – July 2022
• Vitamin d treats Type II Diabetes in many ways (14 article review) - Sept 2021
• T2 Diabetes 30 percent more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis of 47 studies – July 2021

50 ng of Vitamin D fights Diabetes

• Saudi study defines normal Vitamin D level to be 50 to 70 ng (diabetes, etc.) - June 2020
• Diabetes 5X less likely if more than 50 ng of Vitamin D – April 2018

T1 Diabetes

• T1 Diabetes 3X lower risk if high vitamin D (over 40 ng) – Meta-analysis Nov 2020
• Type 1 Diabetes is prevented and treated by Vitamin D – review of 16 studies – Sept 2019
• Type 1 Diabetes prevention with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – Symposium April 2019

Pre-Diabetes

• 4X reduction in prediabetes progressing to T2D if more than 50 ng of vitamin D – RCT March 2023
• Prediabetes reduced by weekly 60,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2021
• Prediabetes 1.5 X more likely to go away if take Vitamin D – meta-analysis July 2020

Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Magnesium - many studies
Diabetic Epidemic

• Step back to 1994. Suppose an epidemic struck the United States, causing blindness, kidney failure, and leg amputations in steadily increasing numbers.
  Suppose that in less than a decade's time, the epidemic had victimized one out of every eight people
  That epidemic is real, and its name is diabetes, now the nation's sixth leading cause of death.
  Chart from the web (2018?)
  

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VitaminDWiki – Diabetes category associations:

Intervention55;  Pregnancy42;  Infant-Child38;  Meta-analysis36;  Obesity32;  Cardiovascular31;  Magnesium25;  Skin - Dark24;  Intervention - non daily22;  Vitamin D Receptor22;  Metabolic Syndrome15;  Hypertension13;  Kidney12;  Genetics12;  Omega-311;  Cognitive10;  Depression10;  Cancer9;  Autoimmune9;  Deficiency9;  Virus8;  Loading dose8;  Inflammation8;  Vision7;  Mortality 7;  Rheumatoid Arthritis7;  Middle East6;  Injection6;  Immunity6;  Antibiotics, probiotics6;  Multiple Sclerosis6;  Lupus6;  Stroke5;  Vitamin K5;  Youth5;  Vit D Binding Protein5;  Bone - Health4;  Pain - chronic4;  Thyroid and parathyroid4;  Books, videos 4;  Sports 4;  Fortification4      As of Oct 2022   Click to generate detailed associations