The effect of omega-3 supplementation on pregnancy outcomes by smoking status
Presentation at Meeting: This original research was presented in poster format at the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine’s 37th Annual Pregnancy Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, in January 23-28, 2017.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.033
Spencer G. Kuper, MD' MD Spencer G. KuperEmail the author MD Spencer G. Kuper, Adi R. Abramovici, MD. Ms., Victoria C. Jauk, MPH, MSN, ANP-BC., Lorie M. Harper, MD, MSCI., Joseph R. Biggio, MD., Alan T. Tita, MD, PhD
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Center for Women’s Reproductive Health, Birmingham, Alabama
PRETERM was in the title of 78 VitaminDWiki pages as of Feb 2022
Smoking reduces vitamin D - many studies contains the following
Two pathways are often proposed for how smoking decreases vitamin D:
1) Smoking decreases Calcium. and Vitamin D is used up in replacing the Calcium
2) Smoking injures the body, and vitamin D is used up in repairing the body
It appears that taking Vitamin D while smoking will:
1) Decrease the incidence of the many health problems associated with smoking - even lung cancer
2) Decrease the desire to smoke (perhaps take fewer smoking breaks?)
3) Increase breathing capacity
Opinion: If you must smoke, have recently smoked, or are getting 2nd hand smoke:
take Vitamin D and perhaps Omega-3
They will extinguish much of the inflammation caused by inhaling tobacco smoke.
Vitamin D should also help people quit smoking
1) Reduces weight gain associated with quitting smoking
2) Reduces depression associated with quitting smoking
Items in both categories Pregnancy and Omega-3 are listed here:
- Should Omega-3 be mandatory in Pregnancy (yes) – July 2024
- Vitamin D and Omega-3 benefits to pregnancy and infants
- Omega-3 fatty acid in pregnancy reduces risk of preterm and early preterm birth – Feb 2024
- Omega-3 fatty acid in pregnancy reduces risk of preterm and early preterm birth – Feb 2024
- Stillbirth reduced by Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega-3 - several studies
- Preterm birth decreased by Omega-3, etc. - many studies
- Preterm birth reduction by nutrients - Vitamin D is the best, Omega-3 is next best – May 2022
- Omega-3 improves pregnancies – Meta-analysis May 2022
- Omega-3 supplementation reduced preterm birth rate by 4X – RCT July 2020
- Conception 1.5 X more likely if taking any amount of Omega-3 – Feb 2022
- Pre-term birth rate cut in half with 1000 milligrams of Omega-3 (if initially low) – RCT May 2021
- Omega-3 recommended in Australia during pregnancy - April 2021
- Pregnancy recommendations – huge differences in Vitamin D, Mg, iron, Iodine, DHA, etc – April 2021
- Seafood (Omega-3) during pregnancy increased childhood IQ by 8 points – review Dec 2019
- Pregnant women in Australia to take Omega-3 when told of reduction in preterm births – Dec 2019
- Fat-soluble vitamins critical for conception, pregnancy and breast feeding (pigs) – Sept 2019
- Preterm Births reduced by Omega-3, Zinc, and Vitamin D – Aug 2019
- Depression after childbirth 5 X less likely if good Omega-3 index – April 2019
- Infant Problem-Solving Skills Linked to Mother’s DHA Omega-3 Level During Pregnancy – April 2019
- Omega-3 during pregnancy and breastfeeding is recommended – May 2019
- Preterm Births decreased by Omega-3 (analysis of 184 countries) – April 2019
- Preterm Births - promising preventions – anti-oxidants, Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc. – Jan 2019
- Preterm birth might be prevented by Vitamin D, Omega-3, etc. (International survey) – Jan 2019
- Omega-3 index of 5 greatly decreases the risk of an early preterm birth – Dec 2018
- Omega-3 added during pregnancy helps in many ways – Cochrane Review of RCTs Nov 2018
- Omega-3 helps conception as well as pregnancy – many studies
- More pregnancies and fewer abortions when Omega-3 was added (cows in this case) July 2018
- PCOS treated by a combination of Vitamin D and Omega-3 – RCT Oct 2018
- Omega-3 – fewer than 5 percent of adult women get the RDA – April 2018
- Omega-3, Vitamin D, Folic acid etc. during pregnancy and subsequent mental illness of child – March 2018
- Supplementation while pregnant and psychotic – 20 percent Omega-3, 6 percent Vitamin D – June 2016
- Importance of Vitamin D and fish rarely mentioned during midwife-led prenatal booking visits – July 2017
- Preterm birth rate of pregnant smokers cut in half if take Omega-3 – RCT May 2017
- Gestational diabetes treated by Vitamin D plus Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2017
- Asthma reduced 31 percent when Omega-3 taken during pregnancy – RCT Dec 2016
- Preterm births strongly related to Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Iodine, Omega-3, etc
- Typical pregnancy is now 39 weeks – Omega-3 and Vitamin D might restore it to full 40 weeks
- Omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy reduce early preterm births (save 1500 USD per child) – Aug 2016
- Rancid Omega-3 increased the odds of newborn mortality by 13 times (rats) – July 2016
- Preterm birth extended by 2 weeks with Omega-3 – Meta-analysis Nov 2015
- Stillbirth rate typically 1 in 200, perhaps only 1 in 800 with Omega-3
- Omega-3 helps pregnancy in many ways: preterm 26 percent less likely etc – review July 2012
- Pregnancy and infants healthier with Omega-3 supplementation - many studies
- Vitamin D, DHA, Folic, Iodine benefits during pregnancy – July 2012
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for details
Problem | Vit. D Reduces | Evidence |
| 0. Chance of not conceiving | 3.4 times | Observe |
| 1. Miscarriage | 2.5 times | Observe |
| 2. Pre-eclampsia | 3.6 times | RCT |
| 3. Gestational Diabetes | 3 times | RCT |
| 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality | 3.5 times | Observe |
| 5. Premature birth | 2 times | RCT |
| 6. C-section - unplanned | 1.6 times | Observe |
| Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 | 4 times | RCT - Omega-3 |
| 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy | 1.4 times | RCT |
| 8. Small for Gestational Age | 1.6 times | meta-analysis |
| 9. Infant height, weight, head size within normal limits | RCT | |
| 10. Childhood Wheezing | 1.3 times | RCT |
| 11. Additional child is Autistic | 4 times | Intervention |
| 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 times | Observe |
| 13. Preeclampsia in young adult | 3.5 times | RCT |
| 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 | 1.4 times | Observe |
| 15. Childhood Mite allergy | 5 times | RCT |
| 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits | 2.5 times | RCT |
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
See also web
Based on this single chart it seems that the number needed to treat (eliminate one preterm birth among smokers with Omega-3 supplementation) = 50
Download the PDF from SciHub via VitaminDWiki
Clipped from PDF
" The omega-3 supplementation consisted of 1200 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and 800 mg docosahexaenoic acid 136 (DHA, 22:6n-3) for a total of 2000 mg of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids daily"
Background
Smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes such as preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, and low birth weight. Since smoking causes oxidative stress, some have suggested using antioxidants to counteract the effects of oxidative stress. Smokers have lower serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids, an important antioxidant, and thus, investigating whether omega-3 supplementation in smokers reduces adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes represents an important area of research.
Objective
To investigate whether the antioxidant effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes differs between smokers and nonsmokers.
Study Design
Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of omega-3 supplementation for preterm delivery prevention in women with a singleton pregnancy and a history of a prior singleton spontaneous preterm delivery. Subjects were randomized to begin omega-3 or placebo prior to 22 weeks which was continued until delivery. All women received 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate intramuscularly weekly beginning between 16 to 20 weeks of gestation and continued until 36 weeks of gestation or delivery, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm delivery.
Secondary outcomes were
- indicated preterm delivery,
- any preterm delivery (spontaneous and indicated),
- pregnancy-associated hypertension (gestational hypertension and preeclampsia),
- a neonatal composite
- (retinopathy of prematurity,
- intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV,
- patent ductus arteriosus,
- necrotizing enterocolitis,
- sepsis,
- respiratory morbidity, or
- perinatal death),
- low birth weight (<2500 grams),
- small for gestational age (less than the 10th percentile), and
- neonatal intensive care unit or intermediate nursery admission.
The study population was stratified into smokers and nonsmokers, and the incidence of each outcome was compared by omega-3 supplementation versus placebo in each subgroup. Zelen tests were performed to test for homogeneity of effect in smokers and nonsmokers.
Results
Of 851 subjects included in the analysis, 136 (16%) smoked. Baseline characteristics between omega-3 and placebo groups did not differ in smokers or nonsmokers. Omega-3 supplementation was associated with a lower risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in smokers (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36-0.87) but not in nonsmokers (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84-1.29); p-value for interaction = 0.013.
Low birth weight was also less frequent in smokers receiving omega-3 supplementation (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36-0.90) compared to nonsmokers (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.71-1.24); p-value for interaction = 0.047. The effect on other secondary outcomes did not differ significantly between smokers and nonsmokers.
Conclusion
Omega-3 supplementation in smokers may have a protective effect against recurrent spontaneous preterm delivery and low birth weight.
There have actually been
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| 8852 | pregnancy smoking omega-3.pdf | admin 02 Dec, 2017 | 1.30 Mb | 806 |