Vitamin D insufficiency in COVID-19 and influenza A, and critical illness survivors: a cross-sectional study
BMJ Open 2021;11:e055435. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055435
Hurst EA, et al, Correspondence to Dr Clark D Russell; clark.russell at ed.ac.uk
COVID-19 patients needing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation had lower Vitamin D
Influenza patients needing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation had lower Vitamin D
Objectives The steroid hormone vitamin D has roles in immunomodulation and bone health. Insufficiency is associated with susceptibility to respiratory infections. We report 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements in hospitalised people with COVID-19 and influenza A and in survivors of critical illness to test the hypotheses that vitamin D insufficiency scales with illness severity and persists in survivors.
Design Cross-sectional study.
Setting and participants Plasma was obtained from 295 hospitalised people with COVID-19 (International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)/WHO Clinical Characterization Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections UK study), 93 with influenza A (Mechanisms of Severe Acute Influenza Consortium (MOSAIC) study, during the 2009–2010 H1N1 pandemic) and 139 survivors of non-selected critical illness (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Total 25(OH)D was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Free 25(OH)D was measured by ELISA in COVID-19 samples.
Outcome measures Receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and in-hospital mortality.
Results Vitamin D insufficiency (total 25(OH)D 25–50 nmol/L) and deficiency (<25 nmol/L) were prevalent in COVID-19 (29.3% and 44.4%, respectively), influenza A (47.3% and 37.6%) and critical illness survivors (30.2% and 56.8%). In COVID-19 and influenza A, total 25(OH)D measured early in illness was lower in patients who received IMV (19.6 vs 31.9 nmol/L (p<0.0001) and 22.9 vs 31.1 nmol/L (p=0.0009), respectively). In COVID-19, biologically active free 25(OH)D correlated with total 25(OH)D and was lower in patients who received IMV, but was not associated with selected circulating inflammatory mediators.
Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was present in majority of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 or influenza A and correlated with severity and persisted in critical illness survivors at concentrations expected to disrupt bone metabolism. These findings support early supplementation trials to determine if insufficiency is causal in progression to severe disease, and investigation of longer-term bone health outcomes
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Items found: 92
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Modified |
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COVID death rate is now similar to death rate from Influenza: CDC - Oct 2024 |
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29 Oct, 2024 |
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Influenza risk cut in half by the only trial giving enough vitamin D for body weight – meta-analysis Jan 2022 |
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17 Jun, 2024 |
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Getting more than 1,000 IU of Vitamin D cut in half childhood risk of influenza, coughs and fevers – Meta-analysis May 2024 |
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31 May, 2024 |
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Influenza vaccination (2022-2023) reduced hospitalizations by only 35% - Jan 2024 |
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20 Jan, 2024 |
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FDA hired a person to study flu vaccine effectiveness, found problems, was fired |
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23 Oct, 2023 |
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Influenza, pneumonia, or ear infections almost 2X more likely if low vitamin D - Jan 2023 |
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24 Aug, 2023 |
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Overview Influenza and vitamin D |
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16 Jul, 2023 |
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Bird flu possible pandemic - many studies |
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18 Feb, 2023 |
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Number of people to treat to prevent 1 case of flu: Vitamin D 4, Vaccination 40 – Feb 2017 |
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10 Nov, 2022 |
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Tripledemic: Flu, COVID, and RSV (all fought by Vitamin D) - Oct 2022 |
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31 Oct, 2022 |
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Do you have symptoms of COVID, Flu , RSV, Colds, Allergy - Oct 2022 |
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28 Oct, 2022 |
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Influenza infection 5X less likely if got vitamin D – small RCT Feb 2022 |
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23 Oct, 2022 |
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Pigs used to get the flu only in the winter ( had got Vitamin D in the summer) - Nov 2018 |
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23 Oct, 2022 |
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Flu may be much worse this year (already bad in Australia) - July 2022 |
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04 Oct, 2022 |
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2,500 bird flu outbreaks in past year (could be far far worse than COVID) - Oct 2022 |
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03 Oct, 2022 |
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Compare symptoms of Omicron, Flu and Colds |
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20 Sep, 2022 |
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Bird flu could mutate to be far worse of a pandemic than COVID - Greger Aug 2020 |
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11 Jul, 2022 |
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Infectious diseases in the UK so far this year: Omicron, H5 bird flu, Lassa fever, haemorrhagic fever, monkeypox, and polio – June 2022 |
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28 Jun, 2022 |
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COVID, like influenza, may be able to mutate to avoid vaccines for decades - March 2022 |
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29 Mar, 2022 |
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MS flu-like symptoms resulting from interferon-beta were reduced with vitamin D – June 2013 |
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24 Mar, 2022 |
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Influenza vaccine antibodies not change with Vitamin D – 21 ng or 44 ng – RCT Feb 2019 |
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22 Mar, 2022 |
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Overview Colds and flu and Vitamin D |
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09 Feb, 2022 |
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Small amounts of Vitamin D reduce Influenza risk by 22 percent (loading dose is far better) – meta-analysis Jan 2022 |
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25 Jan, 2022 |
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Researchers found flu vaccine increased miscarriage risk by 7X -Sept 2017 |
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24 Dec, 2021 |
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COVID, influenza, hepatitis B, measles, etc. vaccine responses vary with Vitamin D and its receptor |
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08 Dec, 2021 |
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Nursing home vaccinated against Influenza, 800 IU of vitamin D daily cut infection rate in half – small RCT Oct 2021 |
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04 Nov, 2021 |
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COVID-19 and Influenza patients needing ventilation had low Vitamin D – Oct 2021 |
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22 Oct, 2021 |
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Poor Vitamin D receptor blocked Vitamin D from fighting avian influenza viruses (in mice) – July 2021 |
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17 Oct, 2021 |
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US COVID-19 deaths now exceed 1918 flu, soon AIDS (Vitamin D fights all 3) - Sept 19, 2021 |
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22 Sep, 2021 |
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Influenza of 1918 and vitamin D - July 2010 |
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22 Sep, 2021 |
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Vaccines protect for: 10 years Tetanus, 3 years Typhoid, 6 month Influenza, unknown COVID – WSJ Sep 10, 2021 |
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13 Sep, 2021 |
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Vitamin D probably can both prevent Influenza and augment vaccine effectiveness – Aug 2018 |
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18 Aug, 2021 |
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Obese get less benefit from vaccines: influenza, hepatitis B, rabies and now COVID-19 - March 2021 |
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01 Aug, 2021 |
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More than 1 hour of daily sun improved influenza vaccine by 35 percent (Vitamin D helps again) – Oct 2019 |
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28 Jul, 2021 |
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Half of COVID-19 death rate differences explained by rates of elderly influenza vaccination and low vitamin D – April 2021 |
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26 May, 2021 |
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Clear Association between Influenza and low Vitamin D - March 2020 |
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12 May, 2021 |
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Flu |
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26 Apr, 2021 |
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Influenza Vaccination not benefited by lowish levels of vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2018 |
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25 Mar, 2021 |
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Half the risk of Influenza -A in infants taking 1200 IU of vitamin D for 4 months – RCT Jan 2018 |
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19 Mar, 2021 |
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COVID-19 precautions made 2020 the year without the flu - what about 2021 |
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17 Mar, 2021 |
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7X less risk of influenza if Vitamin D levels higher than 30 ng – Oct 2017 |
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17 Feb, 2021 |
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Vitamin D can inhibit enveloped virus (e.g. Corona, Herpes, Bird Flu, Epstein, Hepatitis, RSV, etc.) – March 2011 |
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08 Feb, 2021 |
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Influenza prevented by 40 ng levels or treated with vitamin D hammer (50,000 IU) – June 2015 |
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26 Dec, 2020 |
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Why Vitamin D is better than the Flu Vaccine – Nov 2018 |
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18 Dec, 2020 |
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Protect your immune system from COVID-19, flu, colds, etc with 10,000 IU of vitamin D etc. - Nov 2020 |
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05 Dec, 2020 |
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COVID-19, flu, virus, Selenium, Vitamin D, Glutathione - Interview Sept 2020 |
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29 Sep, 2020 |
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Low vitamin D increases the risk of hepatitis, influenza, Covid-19, AIDS and other viral diseases – Sept 2020 |
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21 Sep, 2020 |
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Perhaps the influenza vaccine will increase the risk of COVID-19 (it did by 2X for COVID-2009) - Sept 2020 |
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08 Sep, 2020 |
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Swine flu not prevented by 2,000 IU of vitamin D daily (the upper limit at the time) – RCT 2014 |
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30 Aug, 2020 |
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Vitamin D Supplements Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infection and Death - April 9, 2020 |
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07 Apr, 2020 |
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Vitamin D supplementation could prevent and treat influenza, CORONAVIRUS, and pneumonia infections - March 2020 |
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30 Mar, 2020 |
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Influenza Virus aerosols killed by 10 minutes of sunlight (far faster if use UV-C) – Nov 2019 |
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16 Feb, 2020 |
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Flu vaccinations during pregnancy should NOT be the standard of care until tests show it is OK – Nov 2019 |
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16 Nov, 2019 |
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Virus (adeno-36) increases Obesity which then increases risk of another virus (Influenza) - Oct 2013 |
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07 Nov, 2019 |
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2017 Flu in Australia was bad and 79,000 died in US, 2019 Flu in Australia was worse (get flu shot AND Vitamin D) |
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04 Oct, 2019 |
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How Vitamin D helps fight the cold, flu and other viruses - June 2019 |
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04 Jun, 2019 |
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Vitamin D 10 x better than Flu Vaccine if you have very low vitamin D – Feb 2017 |
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04 Feb, 2019 |
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Ultraviolet light kills cold and flu viruses, and generates Vitamin D in the skin |
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06 Jan, 2019 |
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Flu vaccine effectiveness and side effects |
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30 Sep, 2018 |
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Influenza virus might be prevented and treated by Vitamin D, if no vaccination – Aug 2018 |
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16 Aug, 2018 |
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Vitamin D Effective in Preventing Flu if not vaccinated - June 2018 |
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04 Jul, 2018 |
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2017 Vaccine may prevent only 10 percent of influenza, Vitamin D prevents 70 percent |
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16 Feb, 2018 |
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Elderly Influenza deaths do not increase in winter in countries with high vitamin D levels |
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09 Feb, 2018 |
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Influenza risk reduced 2X by 2,000 IU of Vitamin D (vs 400), RTI reduced 3X by 400 or more IU – July 2017 |
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23 Jan, 2018 |
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Influenza reduced by 1.7 with 1200 IU D3, also reduced related asthma by 6X – RCT May 2010 |
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10 Jan, 2018 |
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Take Vitamin D with flu shot: 5X more likely to avoid flu and 10X fewer side effects - Jan 2018 |
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09 Jan, 2018 |
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Prisoners have very low vitamin D and get TB, influenza, and depression |
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21 Dec, 2017 |
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Child is 2 X more likely to get influenza if have older sibling (perhaps closely-spaced birth) – Sept 2017 |
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28 Sep, 2017 |
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10X reactions to flu vaccine when vitamin D deficient |
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09 May, 2017 |
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Influenza virus vaccine for pregnant woman does not protect a fetus for very long – July 2016 |
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01 Aug, 2016 |
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Influenza virus vaccine for pregnant woman does not protect an infant for very long – July 2016 |
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01 Aug, 2016 |
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Reduce probability of getting the Flu |
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02 Sep, 2015 |
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CDC: Influenza vaccinations not expected to work well this year (but vitamin D should) – Dec 2014 |
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24 Mar, 2015 |
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Major interactions between Vitamin D, Vitamin A, and Influenza – Sept 2013 |
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05 Dec, 2014 |
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Influenzas – both seasonal and pandemic – increase in the winter (low vitamin D) – Dec 2010 |
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07 Nov, 2014 |
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Influenza, solar radiation and vitamin D - 2009 |
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07 Nov, 2014 |
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Influenza vaccine meta-analysis found moderate protection – Lancet Oct 2011 |
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16 Oct, 2014 |
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Ebola - tents probably faster and better than buildings - like in Spanish Flu |
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11 Oct, 2014 |
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On the epidemiology of influenza – 2008 |
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09 Oct, 2014 |
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Epidemic influenza and vitamin D – 2007 |
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09 Oct, 2014 |
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Influenza A: 5X reduction in first month (only) with 2,000 IU of vitamin D– RCT July 2014 |
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14 Jul, 2014 |
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Influenza, seniors and vitamin D – Jan 2012 |
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27 Apr, 2014 |
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Reduction in Cold and Flu with Vitamin D |
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07 Dec, 2013 |
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Influenza Mortality not well modeled by vitamin D – Oct 2011 |
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02 Sep, 2013 |
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Influenza in Norway not reduced by vitamin D – Oct 2011 |
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03 Sep, 2012 |
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Flu Hits 14 year low, perhaps Vitamin D |
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02 Apr, 2012 |
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Should seniors get a vitamin D booster shot for Influenza – Jan 2012 |
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19 Dec, 2011 |
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Can Vitamin D Replace Flu Shots – WSJ Dec 2010 |
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17 Jul, 2011 |
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Elderly taking extra vitamin D should expect fewer falls AND less flu – June 2011 |
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07 Jun, 2011 |
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Pregnant women at increased influenza risk – letter to editor Aug 2010 |
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21 Aug, 2010 |
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Influenza not reduced by 2000 IU of vitamin D in health adults – Aug 2010 |
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17 Aug, 2010 |
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Flu incidence based on prescriptions – US updated map – Late 2019 |
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