Racial disparity in blood pressure: is vitamin D a factor?

J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Oct;26(10):1105-11. Epub 2011 Apr 21.
Fiscella K, Winters P, Tancredi D, Franks P.
Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14620, USA. Kevin_Fiscella at URMC.rochester.edu

BACKGROUND: Higher prevalence of hypertension among African Americans is a key cause of racial disparity in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Explanations for the difference in prevalence are incomplete. Emerging data suggest that low vitamin D levels may contribute.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of vitamin D to racial disparity in blood pressure.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis.

PARTICIPANTS: Adult non-Hispanic Black and White participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006.

MEASURES:We assessed Black-White differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) controlling for conventional risk factors, and then additionally, for vitamin D (serum 25[OH]D).

RESULTS: The sample included 1984 and 5156 Black and White participants ages 20 years and older. The mean age-sex adjusted Black-White SBP difference was 5.2 mm Hg. This difference was reduced to 4.0 mm Hg with additional adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics, health status, health care, health behaviors, and biomarkers; adding 25(OH)D reduced the race difference by 26% (95% CI 7-46%) to 2.9 mm Hg. This effect increased to 39% (95% CI 14-65%) when those on antihypertensive medications were excluded. Supplementary analyses that controlled for cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, physical activity monitoring, skin type and social support yielded consistent results.

CONCLUSION: In cross-sectional analyses, 25(OH)D explains one quarter of the Black-White disparity in SBP.
Randomized controlled trials are required to determine whether vitamin D supplementation could reduce racial disparity in BP.

Comment in J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Oct;26(10):1088-9.

PMID: 21509604
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