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Impact of maternal hypovitaminosis D on birth and neonatal outcome - a prospective cohort study
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 May 22;1-8. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2022.2077098. PDF is behind a $58 paywall
Thirupathi Gowtham 1, Soma Venkatesh 1, Soundararajan Palanisamy 1, Setu Rathod 2
Objective: Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is of special concern as mother is the only source of vitamin D for the developing fetus, and maternal hypovitaminosis D has been implicated in a number of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the association of maternal circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D] concentration with cord blood 25(OH)D and adverse birth and neonatal outcomes.
Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI) from January 2020 to December 2020. 121 babies born to mothers with singleton pregnancy tested for serum 25(OH)D level on admission for safe confinement were included in the study and cord blood of the babies were sampled for 25(OH)D. Based on the maternal 25(OH)D level, babies were categorized as those born to mothers with sufficient vitamin D level and those born to mothers with hypovitaminosis D (deficient/insufficient) and primary and secondary outcome was compared between two groups.
Results: Maternal and cord blood hypovitaminosis D was observed in 65% of mothers and 68.6% of babies, respectively. Maternal vitamin D level was the single most significant predictor of cord blood vitamin D level with five-fold increased risk of cord blood hypovitaminosis D in babies born to mothers with hypovitaminosis D. Birthweight (t = -2.219, p = .028) and preterm birth (aOR = 4.417, 95% CI: 1.03-18.9) was significantly associated with maternal hypovitaminosis D and a trend toward increased risk of LBW (aOR - 2.1, 95%CI: 0.6-7.3), SGA babies (aOR - 1.5, 95% CI: 0.5-4.7), perinatal depression (aOR - 1.5, 95% CI: 0.4-5.8) and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (aOR = 2.68, 95%CI: 0.942-7.6) was observed.
Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women is a significant health issue affecting both the mother and her baby. Safest dose for supplementation during pregnancy to prevent adverse perinatal outcome needs to be evaluated.
VitaminDWiki Pregnancy pages with PRETERM of PRE-TERM in title (62 as of May 2022)
This list is automatically updated
Items found: 73
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3X fewer preterm deliveries if take 2,000 IU of Vitamin D daily (small study, 9% refused) - Dec 2024 |
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17 Dec, 2024 |
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Vitamin D and pregnancy, preterm birth, preeclampsia - Whittle Nov 2024 |
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24 Nov, 2024 |
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Preterm birth decreased by Omega-3, etc. - many studies |
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01 Oct, 2024 |
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Preterm births appear reduced 34% by Vitamin D, 11% by Omega-3 - Jan 2021 |
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01 Oct, 2024 |
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Preterm births reduced by Vitamin D - many studies |
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01 Oct, 2024 |
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Pfizer’s RSV vaccine found to increase risk of preterm births by 24%, etc. – Sept 2024 |
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29 Sep, 2024 |
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Omega-3 fatty acid in pregnancy reduces risk of preterm and early preterm birth – Feb 2024 |
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17 Aug, 2024 |
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800 mg of Magnesium early in 3rd trimester significantly increased brain activity in preterm infants – RCT May 2024 |
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03 Jun, 2024 |
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Preterm birth rate increased in US but decreased in Finland (high Vitamin D) - Jan 2024 |
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09 Feb, 2024 |
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Preterm birth chance reduced –17P (expensive drug) or Vitamin D – June 2015 |
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01 Jan, 2024 |
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Preterm birth and low Vitamin D - many studies |
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24 Dec, 2023 |
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Preterm births are VERY costly – Feb 2017 |
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24 Dec, 2023 |
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Preterm birth cost for employers approximately 50,000 dollars – Oct 2017 |
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24 Dec, 2023 |
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Preterm Birth 2.7X more likely if low vitamin D (dark skin in this case) - Nov 2023 |
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01 Nov, 2023 |
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4.4 X more likely to have a preterm birth if low vitamin D while pregnant (India) - May 2022 |
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01 Nov, 2023 |
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Omega-3 supplementation reduced preterm birth rate by 4X – RCT July 2020 |
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21 Oct, 2022 |
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Arab preterm infants often have less than 10 ng of vitamin D - 2010 |
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15 May, 2022 |
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Preterm birth interventions – 4 studies found possible vitamin D benefit – Cochrane – Nov 2018 |
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15 May, 2022 |
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Preterm birth might be prevented by Vitamin D, Omega-3, etc. (International survey) – Jan 2019 |
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15 May, 2022 |
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Preterm Births - promising preventions – anti-oxidants, Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc. – Jan 2019 |
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15 May, 2022 |
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Preterm birth reduction by nutrients - Vitamin D is the best, Omega-3 is next best – May 2022 |
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15 May, 2022 |
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Preterm birth rate of pregnant smokers cut in half if take Omega-3 – RCT May 2017 |
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20 Feb, 2022 |
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Preterm birth varies with season: 25 percent more likely if conception in autumn – Feb 2022 |
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04 Feb, 2022 |
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Pre-term birth rate cut in half with 1000 milligrams of Omega-3 (if initially low) – RCT May 2021 |
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04 Jun, 2021 |
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Preterm birth risk increased 16 pcnt if heat wave (perhaps outside less) - Nov 2020 |
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16 Nov, 2020 |
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Preterm birth associated with many genes, including the Vitamin D Receptor again – Jan 2020 |
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30 Jan, 2020 |
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Preterm birth 8X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Dec 2019 |
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31 Dec, 2019 |
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8 percent fewer preterm births if adequate Selenium from food – Aug 2019 |
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24 Dec, 2019 |
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Pregnant women in Australia to take Omega-3 when told of reduction in preterm births – Dec 2019 |
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19 Nov, 2019 |
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Preterm birth 9 X more likely if fetus had a poor Vitamin D Receptor and previous miscarriage – Aug 2017 |
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12 Nov, 2019 |
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Preterm birth rate not vary with vitamin D level (when all are less than 30 ng) – Oct 2019 |
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17 Oct, 2019 |
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Extreme preterm infants helped somewhat by 800 IU of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2018 |
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01 Oct, 2019 |
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Preterm Births reduced by Omega-3, Zinc, and Vitamin D – Aug 2019 |
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09 Aug, 2019 |
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Preterm birth increases risk of heart disease by 1.5 X by age 40 – June 2019 |
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06 Aug, 2019 |
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Preterm Births decreased by Omega-3 (analysis of 184 countries) – April 2019 |
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27 Apr, 2019 |
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Preterm birth 3X more likely if low vitamin D – Oct 2018 |
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07 Feb, 2019 |
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Omega-3 index of 5 greatly decreases the risk of an early preterm birth – Dec 2018 |
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04 Jan, 2019 |
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Preterm births 12 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (white infants in Italy) – meta-analysis Aug 2018 |
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27 Aug, 2018 |
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Third trimester Vitamin D levels were lower if pre-term labor was expected – March 2018 |
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24 Mar, 2018 |
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Preterm birth 4X more likely if very low Vitamin D (Chinese) - Feb 2018 |
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28 Feb, 2018 |
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Preterm birth rates increased in 15 European countries – Oct 2013 |
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23 Dec, 2017 |
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Vitamin D intervention reduces preterm births and low birth weight by 60 percent – Cochrane Reviews – Nov 2017 |
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07 Dec, 2017 |
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Preterm birth rate increased 60 percent in 50 years (US) |
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26 Nov, 2017 |
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Preterm births strongly related to Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Iodine, Omega-3, etc |
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13 Nov, 2017 |
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Vitamin D Receptor is associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth – Nov 2017 |
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10 Nov, 2017 |
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Preterm birth trend toward 2.5 X more likely if less than 10 ng of Vitamin D – Aug 2017 |
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26 Aug, 2017 |
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Preterm birth rate reduced by vitamin D – 78 percent if non-white, 39 percent if white – July 2017 |
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27 Jul, 2017 |
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Preterm birth more likely if dark skinned and low vitamin D (not white-skinned) – April 2017 |
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06 Jul, 2017 |
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Risk of preterm birth twice as likely when less than 10 ng of vitamin D – Nov 2016 |
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13 Apr, 2017 |
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Preterm labor 20 times more likely if low vitamin D, etc. (India) – Feb 2017 |
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08 Mar, 2017 |
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Preterm birth rate reduced by 43 percent with adequate Vitamin D supplementation – meta-analysis Feb 2017 |
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02 Mar, 2017 |
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Pre-term birth - many of risk factors are associated with low vitamin D |
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27 Feb, 2017 |
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Preterm birth rate reduced 57 percent by Vitamin D – Nov 2015 |
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23 Jan, 2017 |
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Vitamin D Webinar - cost of pre-term birth etc- Baggerly Nov 2013 |
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11 Dec, 2016 |
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Preterm birth extended by 2 weeks with Omega-3 – Meta-analysis Nov 2015 |
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10 Dec, 2016 |
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Omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy reduce early preterm births (save 1500 USD per child) – Aug 2016 |
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12 Oct, 2016 |
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Zinc helps pregnancies – 14 percent fewer preterm births, etc. – Cochrane RCT Feb 2015 |
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14 Jun, 2016 |
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Preterm birth has become the leading cause of infant mortality (vitamin D not mentioned) – JAMA June 2016 |
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07 Jun, 2016 |
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Preterm birth 30 percent more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2016 |
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20 May, 2016 |
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Asthmatic pregnant women had 30 percent more preterm births if air pollution (vitamin D not mentioned) – March 2016 |
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09 Mar, 2016 |
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Omega-3 helps pregnancy in many ways: preterm 26 percent less likely etc – review July 2012 |
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08 Sep, 2015 |
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Extreme preterm survival 30 percent less likely if little sunshine 23-28 weeks – June 2015 |
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05 Sep, 2015 |
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Magnesium (Sulfate) reduces risk of cerebral palsy for those at risk of pre-term births – Dec 2013 |
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18 Aug, 2015 |
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Respiratory distress after preterm birth is more likely if low vitamin D – review April 2015 |
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05 Aug, 2015 |
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Pre-term births reduced in half if 40 ng of vitamin D in 3rd trimester – Nov 2014 |
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15 Mar, 2015 |
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Chance of preterm birth is strongly associated with low vitamin D – Feb 2015 |
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05 Feb, 2015 |
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The more preterm the birth, the lower the vitamin D level (both mothers and infants) – Feb 2014 |
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05 Feb, 2015 |
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Preterm infants more likely to have vitamin D levels below 20 ng – Feb 2014 |
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05 Feb, 2015 |
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Decreased risk of preterm birth if have more than 36 ng of vitamin D – Jan 2015 |
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09 Jan, 2015 |
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Pre-term birth 3X more likely and C-section 4X if less than 20 ng of vitamin D – May 2012 |
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13 Feb, 2014 |
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for details
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
eId="3271" width="450" link="Ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby - take Vitamin D before conception" }
Assumptions: additional $50,000 per premature birth, $100 for education & supplements per pregnancy
| | Net savings
per birth
After subtract
all costs | # needed
to eliminate
1 preterm | Cost of
educ, supp
per pregnancy | Total cost
Educ/supp. | Cost of
test per
pregnancy | Total
test
costs | Net savings after
subtract costs
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Vitamin D
(5,000 IU avg) | $4,300 | 20 | $100 | $2,000 | $200%%%(2 tests) | $4,000 | $43,000
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| Omega-3 | $646 | 67 | $100 | $6,700 | $0 | $0 | $43,300
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Vitamin C
reduces early rupture | $646 | 67 | $100 | $6,700 | $0 | $0 | $43,300
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| Iodine | $320 | 100 | $100 | $10,000 | $80 | $8,000 | $32,000 |
Does not include additional savings to infant beyond the first year
such as reductions in Autism, MS, Respiratory Tract Infection, Asthma, Allergies
Does not include additional savings to mother
such as reduction in preeclampsia, miscarriage, gestational diabetes, depression
nor does it assign any costs for anguish of possible premie death, stillbirth, time off from work, job productivity
VitaminDWiki Pregnancy pages with "COVID" in title
This list is automatically updated
Items found: 18
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COVID vaccines during pregnancy resulted in 37 types of adverse events. -preprint June 2024 |
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30 Jun, 2024 |
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Yet another reason to take Vitamin D while pregnant – fight COVID - meta-analysis May 2023 |
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10 Jun, 2023 |
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COVID lockdowns reduced Vitamin D levels - should supplement - April 2023 |
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02 May, 2023 |
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Pfizer COVID vaccination during pregnancy clinical trial is still not published - Feb 2023 |
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25 Feb, 2023 |
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Worse COVID during 3Q pregnancy if 2.5 ng lower Vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2022 |
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14 Sep, 2022 |
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2.3 X more poor Neurodevelopment in infant if COVID late in pregnancy – June 2022 |
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11 Jun, 2022 |
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Severe COVID while pregnant - none had taken any vitamin D – Oct 2021 |
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01 May, 2022 |
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COVID while pregnant: 2.6 X more likely to be Vitamin D deficient (need to supplement) - March 2022 |
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12 Apr, 2022 |
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COVID breakthru 2X more likely if pregnant (should take Vitamin D) - April 2022 |
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02 Apr, 2022 |
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COVID 2.6 X more likely if low Vitamin D (during pregnancy in this case) – March 2022 |
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26 Mar, 2022 |
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COVID-19 more severe if low Vitamin D (1.8X for pregnancy) – Nov 2021 |
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24 Nov, 2021 |
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Far less vitamin D in breast milk if COVID-19 (no surprise) – Aug 2021 |
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14 Aug, 2021 |
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COVID-21 (COVID-19 with mutations) causing increased pregnancy problems in Brazil and India – May 2021 |
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27 May, 2021 |
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COVID-19, dark skin, pregnancy - Dr. Grimes, etc. - May 2021 |
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27 May, 2021 |
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Increased pregnancy problems with COVID-19 – meta-analysis and letter to editor – April 2021 |
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18 May, 2021 |
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COVID-19 while pregnant increased many infant health problems by 1.5X – April 29, 2021 |
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29 Apr, 2021 |
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COVID-19 while pregnant is not good (increased risk of dying by 22X) – April 2021 |
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26 Apr, 2021 |
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Vitamin D plus Inositol might help pregnancies during COVID-19 – April 2021 |
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26 Jan, 2021 |