Arteries and Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D - many studies
74+ VitaminDWiki pages with ARTERIES OR ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR CALCIFICATION in title
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Perplexity & Deep Reasoning on Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis - Feb 2025
Starts with
Atherosclerosis, characterized by chronic arterial plaque formation, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence positions vitamin D as a critical modulator of atherosclerotic pathways, influencing endothelial function, immune regulation, and vascular homeostasis. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights and clinical evidence to elucidate how vitamin D deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis while exploring the therapeutic potential of supplementation.
Therapeutic Implications and Future Directions
Supplementation Strategies
Current evidence supports targeting 25(OH)D levels of 30–50 ng/mL for cardiovascular protection. Doses of 2,000–4,000 IU/day are generally safe, though obese individuals and those with malabsorption may require higher intake. Combining vitamin D with calcium warrants caution, as co-supplementation may blunt blood pressure benefits despite enhancing PTH suppression.
Personalized Approaches
Genomic studies identify VDR polymorphisms (e.g., BsmI, FokI) that influence vitamin D responsiveness. Carriers of the FokI ff genotype exhibit stronger anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting pharmacogenomic tailoring could optimize outcomes1213. Subgroup analyses also indicate heightened benefits in deficient populations with elevated hs-CRP or hypertension
Novel Pathways and Senescence
Emerging research links vitamin D to cellular senescence—a driver of vascular aging. Vitamin D mitigates senescent cell accumulation in plaques by upregulating klotho and suppressing p16INK4a, potentially delaying atherosclerosis progression. Local intracrine signaling within adipose tissue and macrophages may also modulate plaque stability independently of systemic levels, opening avenues for tissue-targeted therapies
VitaminDWiki – Hypertension category contains
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344+ VitaminDWiki Cardiovascular pages with VITAMIN D in the title
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133,000 medical papers on Atherosclerosis and "Vitamin D" (Feb 2025)
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure - Sept 2020 - DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186483 FREE PDF
Vitamin D and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease - April 2019 https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00194 FREE PDF
Clinical and biomarker modifiers of vitamin D treatment response: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis - March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab390 FREE PDF
Serum Level of Vitamin D Is Associated with Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women - Sept 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10111139 FREE PDF
The Effect of Vitamin D on Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Propensity Score Matched Case–Control Coronary CTA Study - July 2021 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8080085 📄 PDF
- "Patients with serum vitamin D (OH) levels >60 ng/mL had higher plaque density (p = 0.04), indicating more calc ified and less vulnerable plaque. Conclusions: In this retrospective case–control cohort study, vitamin D supplementation was associated with less high-risk plaque, less non-calcified plaque burden, and a higher calcified plaque independent of CV risk factors."
Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Vitamin D Deficiency - June 2019. | DOI: 10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000386 PDF is behind paywall
Vitamin D level is associated with severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and incidence of acute coronary syndromes in non-diabetic cardiac patients - March 2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2019.83291 📄 PDF
44,400 medical papers on Atherosclerosis and "Vitamin K" (Feb 2025)
An L-shaped relationship between dietary vitamin K and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease - June 2024 FREE PDF
Quantifying dietary vitamin K and its link to cardiovascular health: a narrative review - March 2020 📄 PDF
Vitamin K Supplementation for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Where Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials - Sept 2020 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102909 📄 PDF
- "While vitamin K supplementation clearly improves the carboxylation of dephosphoylated MGP, its role in mitigating vascular calcification is uncertain, based on current evidence."
Extent of arterial calcification by conventional vitamin K antagonist treatment - Oct, 2020 📄 PDF
Vitamin K supplementation and vascular calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials- May 2023 📄 PDF
VitaminDWiki - studies in both categories Cardiovascular and Vitamin K
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