Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:51-4. Epub 2012 Feb 16.
Rowe WJ.
Medical University of Ohio at Toledo, Ohio, USA. rowerun at aol.com

The International Space Station provides an extraordinary facility to study the accelerated aging process in microgravity, which could be triggered by significant reductions in magnesium (Mg) ion levels with, in turn, elevations of catecholamines and vicious cycles between the two.

With space flight there are significant reductions of serum Mg (P < 0.0001) that have been shown in large studies of astronauts and cosmonauts.

The loss of the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system with space flight is over ten times faster than the course of aging on Earth.

Mg is an antioxidant and calcium blocker and in space there is oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammatory conditions with evidence in experimental animals of significant endothelial injuries and damage to mitochondria.

The aging process is associated with

• progressive shortening of telomeres,
• repetitive DNA sequences, and
• proteins that cap and protect the ends of chromosomes.

Telomerase can elongate pre-existing telomeres to maintain length and chromosome stability. Low telomerase triggers increased catecholamines while the sensitivity of telomere synthesis to Mg ions is primarily seen for the longer elongation products.

Mg stabilizes DNA and promotes DNA replication and transcription, whereas low Mg might accelerate cellular senescence by reducing DNA stability, protein synthesis, and function of mitochondria.

Telomerase, in binding to short DNAs, is Mg dependent.

On Earth, in humans, a year might be required to detect changes in telomeres, but in space there is a predictably much shorter duration required for detection, which is therefore more reasonable in time and cost. Before and after a space mission, telomere lengths and telomerase enzyme activity can be determined and compared with age-matched control rats on Earth. The effect of Mg supplementation, both on maintaining telomere length and extending the life span, can be evaluated. Similar studies in astronauts would be fruitful.

PMID: 22379366

Following text extracted from PDF at bottom of this page
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Also attached at the bottom of this page is a previous article by the author

Long space missions, gene therapy, and the vital role of magnesium: a three-pronged plan for the next 50 years Sept 2010
From the first page: ''All the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D require Mg. Vitamin D, which is depleted in space, is required for bone
metabolism and protects the cardiovascular system.''
Author's website = http://www.femsinspace.com/
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Commentary

It has been shown that about 60% of adults in the USA do not consume the estimated average requirement of magnesium (Mg), yet widespread pathological conditions attributed to Mg deficiency have not been reported.1 One reason for this discrepancy may be that a significant Mg deficiency has not been recognized since only 1% of Mg is in the serum. In a study of geriatric outpatients, for example, serum Mg levels were within the normal range in all patients, whereas the intra-erythrocyte Mg measurements were low in 57% of the patients.2 In another study, when measuring the total serum Mg concentration - as subjects aged, there was no apparent change; however, when the intracellular free Mg concentration was measured, there was clearly a progressive decrease.3 After 6 months in space, there is a loss of Mg reservoirs, with 35% loss in some leg muscles 4 and 1%-2% bone loss per month.5-10

The International Space Station, at an initial cost of $100 billion and considerable cost to maintain, which has six laboratories powered by solar energy, provides an extraordinary facility to study the accelerated aging process in space. This process could be triggered by significant reductions in Mg ion levels with, in turn, elevations of catecholamines and vicious cycles between the two. There is invariable malabsorption with microgravity.10
Despite the lack of sensitivity of the serum Mg, there are with microgravity significant reductions of serum Mg (P < 0.0001) that have been shown in large groups of both astronauts and cosmonauts.11 The loss of functional capacity of the cardiovascular system, which complicates space flight, occurs over ten times faster than it does during the course of aging on Earth.12 There is increased vulnerability of the endothelium13 and the heart because of its high enzyme content and dense mitochondrial structure.6
Both aging and living in space induce the decline, not just of a single system, but of a composite of almost every body system.12

Permanent cardiac muscle injuries have been shown with reparative fibrosis in rats with Mg deficiencies.14 This would contribute to permanent injuries to the heart from both too much and too little exercise.6 Mg is an antioxidant and calcium blocker 15 and with microgravity and Mg ion deficiency there is oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammatory conditions with cytokine elevations16 conducive to endothelial injuries and shortening of the life span. Mg potentiates iron-transferrin binding, an important contribution to offsetting oxidative stress.17

The aging process is considered to be associated with progressive shortening of telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences, and associated proteins that cap and protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres' function in protecting chromosomes has been likened to the function of the plastic placed on the ends of shoelaces to keep them from unraveling. Telomerase adds telomeric repeats directly to nontelomeric sequences and can elongate pre-existing telomeres to maintain length and, therefore, chromosomal stability.18-20 Low telomerase activity is associated with increased catecholamines,18 while the sensitivity of telomere synthesis to Mg ions is primarily seen for the longer elongation products.19,20

Mg stabilizes DNA - reducing the potential for oxidative stress 21 and promoting DNA replication and transcription, whereas low Mg might accelerate cellular senescence by reducing DNA stability, protein synthesis, and the function of mitochondria.22,23

Mg is also essential in regulating >300 enzymes.8 Telomerase, in binding to short DNAs, is Mg-dependent.23
It is involved in cell proliferation and genetic stability and DNA repair.23 Telomere dysfunction is associated with impairment in mitochondrial function,24 conducive particularly to the vulnerability of the heart.6 Oxidative stress leads to accelerated telomere attrition, cell senescence, and, ultimately, to the progression of atherosclerotic disease.21

On Earth, a year might be required to detect changes in telomere lengths in humans.25 The normal rat life span on Earth is about 3 years. With a predictably much shorter life span, studies in microgravity would be a more reasonable approach in terms of time and cost. Telomere lengths could be assessed pre- and postflight and compared with age-matched control rats on Earth. Additionally, the effect of Mg supplementation, both on maintaining telomere length and extending the life span, could be evaluated. Before and after space mission studies on astronauts could also be fruitful.

Regarding specifically experimental animal studies in microgravity, there have been several Russian studies involving, for example, evaluations of the myocardium of rats, divided into those utilized as controls under normal laboratory conditions and those subjected to microgravity to determine the vulnerability of the myocardium.26,27 However, the exposure to microgravity has been for only relatively brief durations 27 and up to 4 months using only hypokinesia studies.26 The Russians have shown, for example, in just 13 days, atrophy of rat heart muscle fibers, metabolic disturbances, and alterations in the structure of mitochondria.27 In addition, these studies have shown suppression of myocardial protein synthesis, impairment in the repair process, and diminished function and activity of enzyme systems.26

Clearly, research involving lengths of telomeres and telomerase measurements would involve studies during long missions of at least 6 months and duration of stay on the International Space Station for at least this time. Results from such studies would have important implications for human aging on Earth as well as providing a way of evaluating the risk and prevention of premature aging in astronauts spending extended periods of time in space. These risks, particularly regarding the endothelium from oxidative stress, are not necessarily related to the effects of radiation in space. With the exception of solar storms, there would be no dangerous radiation on the International Space Station; there were no significant radiation elevations during the Apollo missions.7

Corrections of Mg deficiencies - which are very common on Earth, particularly in the elderly who have reduced Mg intakes, and invariably occur in space - may prolong life in microgravity.
For studies of this in space, subcutaneous administration of Mg will be required to supplement oral Mg, since there is malabsorption, as well as close monitoring of Mg levels by serial studies.
Since impairment in renal function is a contraindication to administering Mg supplements and the kidneys are vulnerable to injuries in microgravity, close monitoring is also necessary. At this time, however, there is no subcutaneous implantable, replenishable, silicon device available to administer Mg to astronauts.9,10

In microgravity, plasma norepinephrinelevels have been shown to be approximately twice those in the supine position on earth.9
This is intensified by ischemia, which in turn triggers reductions in Mg ions with vicious cycles as noted above.

In addition, in microgravity, both experimental animals and humans will require an appropriate exercise program, focusing on avoiding very high catecholamine levels since catecholamines can undergo auto-oxidation which may in turn lead to injuries to telomeres.18 Since Mg is an anti-oxidant, correcting Mg deficiencies is equally important in controlling vicious cycles with catecholamines and in turn ischemia.5,6 This would require serial intracellular Mg studies.

Regarding an exercise prescription, Ludlow et al 28 has shown that a moderate amount of physical activity may provide a protective effect regarding telomere length in comparison with low and high exercise energy expenditures. This indeed supports my hypothesis that extraordinary, unremitting endurance exercise can injure a normal heart.5 It also shows how difficult it will be to establish a suitable exercise program for experimental animals or astronauts in microgravity with the invariable problem of correcting Mg deficits.29 Treadmill exercise will be required for both rats and astronauts and there will need to be cautious monitoring of heart rates and rhythm as rhese rates are higher in microgravity with catecholamine elevations conducive to ventricular fibrillation. This is particularly the case when rates reach 85% of one's predicted maximum heart rate.

There is another major problem with exercise in micro-gravity that will require careful monitoring with core temperature devices: it was first reported in 1995 30 that with exercise in space there are elevations of body temperature.31 This could be triggered by the combination of loss of Mg in the sweat and through the kidneys, with the latter complicating increased angiotensin and aldosterone.8 In addition, there is loss of plasma volume through leaks in the endothelium with decreased thirst and a shift of fluid to the upper part of the body.10,11 There is a 40% reduction in the vessel dilator atrial natriuretic peptide,11 with Mg probably necessary both for its synthesis and release.10 With impairment in blood flow to the periphery, these core temperature elevations could trigger heat exhaustion or heat stroke. (On the Moon at noon it is 250°F.)

Before and after a space mission, telomere lengths and telomerase enzyme activity would be determined and compared with age-matched control rats on Earth.
Similar studies in astronauts would be valuable as well.

In summary, it is conceivable that corrections of significant Mg ion reductions, with their associated catecholamine elevations and potential vicious cycles, will prolong life in microgravity; whether corrections of the very common and often unrecognized Mg deficits on Earth will prolong life remains to be seen.

Disclosure

This paper was presented in part at the 3rd International Cardiology Congress, Beijing, China, December 4-6, 2011. The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.

References

1. Nielsen FH. Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease. NutrRev. 2010;68(6):333-340.
2. Zekeriya U, Ariogul S, Cankurtaran M, et al. Intra-erythrocyte magnesium levels and their clinical implication in geriatric outpatients. JNutr Health Aging. 2010;14(10):810-814.
3. Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium homeostasis and aging. Magnes Res. 2009;22(4):235-246.
4. Fitts RH, Trappe SW, Costill DL, et al. Prolonged space flight-induced alterations in the structure and function of human skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 18):3567-3592.
5. Rowe WJ. Potential myocardial injuries to normal heart with prolonged space missions: the hypothetical key role of magnesium. Mag Bull. 2000;22:15-19.
6. Rowe WJ. Interplanetary travel and permanent injury to normal heart. Acta Astronautica. 1997;40:719-722.
7. Rowe WJ. The Apollo 15 space syndrome. Circulation. 1998;97(1): 119-120.
8. Rowe WJ. The case for a subcutaneous magnesium product and delivery device for space missions. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(5):525S-528S.
9. Rowe WJ. Potential renovascular hypertension, space missions, and the role of magnesium. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2009;2:51-57.
10. Rowe WJ. Long space missions, gene therapy, and the vital role of magnesium: a three-pronged plan for the next 50 years. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2010;3:123-127.
11. Leach Huntoon CS, Grigoriev AL, Natochin YV Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation in Spaceflight 94. San Diego, CA: Science and Technology Series; 1998:11-13.
12. Vernikos J, Schneider VS. Space, gravity and the physiology of aging: parallel or convergent disciplines? A mini-review. Gerontology. 2010;56(2):157-166.
13. Vanhoutte PM. Ageing and endothelial dysfunction. Eur Heart J. 2002;(Suppl A)4:A8-A17.
14. Kumar BP, Shivakumar K, Kartha CC. Magnesium deficiency-related changes in lipid peroxidation and collagen metabolism in vivo in rat heart. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997;29(1):129-134.
15. Iseri LT, French JH. Magnesium: nature's physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J. 1984;108(1):188-193.
16. Smith SM, Zwart SR Block G, Rice BL, Davis-Street JE. The nutritional status of astronauts is altered after long-term space flight aboard the International Space Station. J Nutr. 2005;135(3):437-M3.
17. Parent ME, Zemel MB. Magnesium potentiation of iron-transferrin binding. Life Sci. 1989;44(15):1007-1012.
18. Epel ES, Lin J, Wilhelm FH, et al. Cell aging in relation to stress arousal and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(3):277-287.
19. Wang H, Blackburn EH. De novo telomere addition by Tetrahymena telomerase in vitro. Embo J. 1997;16(4):866-879.
20. Blackburn EH. Telomere states and cell fates. Nature. 2000;408(6808): 53-56.
21. Hartwig A. Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2001;475(1-2):113-121.
22. Killilea DW, Maier JA. A connection between magnesium deficiency and aging: new insights from cellular studies. Magnes Res. 2008;21(2):77-82.
23. Lue NF. Sequence-specific and conformation-dependent binding of yeast telomerase RNA to single-stranded telomeric DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999;27(12):2560-2567.
24. Sahin E, Colla S, Liesa M, et al. Telomere dysfunction induces metabolic and mitochondrial compromise Nature. 2011;470(7334):359-365.
25. Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(11):1048-1057.
26. Atkov OY, Bednenko VS. Hypokinesia and Weightlessness: Clinical and Physiologic Aspects. Madison, CT: International Universities Press; 1992:1-67.
27. Baranska W, Gazenko O. Morphometrical evaluation of myocardium from rats flown on biosatellite Cosmos-1887. Mater Med Pol.
1990;22(4):255-257.
28. Ludlow AT, Zimmerman JB, Witkowski S, Hearn JW, Hatfield BD, Roth SM. Relationship between physical activity level, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(10): 1764-1771.
29. Bohl CH, Volpe SL. Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42(6):533-563.
30. Pers comm; A Hansson, 1995.
31. Fortney SM, Mikhaylov V, Lee SM, Kobzev Y, Gonzalez RR, Greenleaf JE. Body temperature and thermoregulation during sub-maximal exercise after 115-day spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1998;69(2):137-141.

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See also VitaminDWiki

• NASA thinks spacestation personnel only need 800 IU of vitamin D – Sept 2012
• Overview Magnesium and vitamin D very strong interplay between Mg and Vitamin D
• 20 year review concludes that Vitamin D reduce ageing – July 2010
• Google site search of VitaminDWiki for Ageing and Magnesium 254 hits as of March 2012
• Magnesium and Vitamin D - similar, different and synergistic which has the following table/Venn diagram

	Magnesium	not Magnesium
Vitamin D	Magnesium or Vitamin D Aging, Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease; Asthma, Attention Deficit Disorder; Autism, Cancer, Cerebrovascular, Chronic Fatigue, Diabetes, Hearing Loss, Heart Disease. Heart Attack, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, AIDS; Hypertension; Kidney Stones, Migraine Headache, Multiple Sclerosis, Obesity, Osteoporosis; Peripheral vascular disease; Pregnancy-related problems,Rheumatoid Arthritis; Sports-related problems,	Vitamin D only Acne, Allergy, Autoimmune, Bone, Breathing, Celiac, Cognition, Colds and Flu, Cystic Fibrosis, Dental, Fertility, Hyperparathyroid, Immunity, Kidney, Liver, Lupus, Osteoarthritis, Pain - chronic, Parkinson, Psoriasis, Rickets, Strokes, Sarcoidosis, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Tuberculosis, Vision, Hair, Skin, Sports
Not Vitamin D	Magnesium only Aggressive Behavior, Alcoholism, Arrhythmia, Cerebral Palsy, Chemical Sensitivity, Cluster Headaches; Cocaine-related Stroke; Constipation, Cramps, Fluoride Toxicity; Head Injuries, Central Nervous System Injuries, Magnesium Deficiency; Menopause, Mitral Valve Prolapsee, Nystagmus, Psychiatric Disorders; Repetitive Strain Injury, Sickle Cell Disease, SIDS, Stress, Stuttering, Tetanus; Tinnitis, Sound Sensitivity; TMJ; Toxic Shock; Violence	Neither ALL OTHER DISEASES