Problems with this page: ACE2 files are probably at the bottom of this page
Fact All Coronavirus attach to ACE2 enzyme in human cells
Suspected Vitamin D reduces ACE2 enzyme
Fact All previous human Coronavirus are fought by Vitamin D
Hypothesis Vitamin D will also fight the new form of Coronavirus, COVID-19
CVD, Diabetes, and Hypertension All share the following
1) Disease associated with a big increase in COVID-19 death
see COVID-19 deaths 4 to 7 X more likely if Diabetic, Hypertensive, or CVD - meta-analysis March 2020
2) Disease appears to be treated with ACE inhibitors
High levels of ACE2 result in better attachment by all coronaviruses (this page)
It appears that the drugs taken for the diseases are the cause of the increased death rate
- ACE2 inhibitors have been associated with a 4X increase risk of COVID-19 death NEJM April 18
- BUT no clinical trials so far, and doctors can be sued for NOT following the standard of practice, so they continue to prescribe ACE2 inhibitors
- 94% of NYC COVID-19 hospitalizations haa 1 or more other health problems. Time April 23
- Many of the top problems are treated by ACE inhibitors, which increase ACE2, which Coronavirus use to get into cells
- Evidence Continues to Link ACE Inhibitors to Severe COVID-19 Symptoms Infection Control Today, March 26
- "... lisinopril and losartan can increase (or upregulate) the ACE2 Receptor mRNA cellular expression by five and three-fold, respectively."
Vitamin D normalizes the ACE2, which is the attachment point for COVID-19 virus. Dr. Patrick Video April 12
- Her video reviews about a dozen publications. Her description of vitamin D starts at 24:52
Perhaps 4X more likely to die of COVID-19 if take ACE inhibitors in March 2020
SARS and the new coronavirus target the same cellular lock to infect cells
- “When cells had the ACE2 protein on their surface, the virus was able to break into them.”
- *PDF may be available at the bottom of this page
Can a Database of Animal Viruses Help Predict the Next Pandemic?
Wired Magazine Feb 12, 2020
Several studies confirmed that Wuhan Coronovirus uses ACE2 connection
- "... January 23, a research group from Wuhan’s Institute of Virology reported they had tested live samples of the new virus against human cell lines expressing ACE2 proteins and those without ACE2. It could only infect the ones that carried the receptor."
Vitamin D 3rd edition - 2011
Chapter 40 - Vitamin D and the Renin-Angiotensin System. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381978-9.10040-X
'*PDF may be available at the bottom of this page.''
Search Google Scholar for ACE2 and "Vitamin D" 1080 studies as of March 2020
- Vitamin D Depletion Aggravates Hypertension and Target‐Organ Damage - Feb 2017, rats, FREE PDF https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001417
- : Our data suggest that even short‐term severe vitamin D deficiency may directly promote hypertension and impact renin‐angiotensin system components that could contribute to target‐organ damage. "
Wonder if the other human coronaviruses also connect to cells via ACE2
1) Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
2) Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
3) Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
4) Human coronavirus HKU1
Entry of Human Coronavirus NL63 Into the Cell - Jan 2018
*PDF may be available at the bottom of this page
Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin‑angiotensin system - 2017
- From Discussion: "The mRNA expression levels of ACE and ACE2 in NT, LPS, and LPS + calcitriol-treated lung tissues were also determined, and the results demonstrated that LPS increased ACE expression and decreased ACE2 levels compared with the NT group. Calcitriol treatment inhibited the effects of LPS on ACE and ACE2 mRNA expression."
- *PDF may be available at the bottom of this page
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus -2003
- *PDF may be available at the bottom of this page
Archive of preprints for Medical Studies (which have NOT been peer-reviewed) - on Cononavirus and ACE2
73 papers on Coronavirus as of Feb 19, 2020
14 concerned Coronavirus AND ACE2 note that the date of the publication is embedded in the URL
| Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCoV, in the nasal tissue. No such attachment on this page | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.20022228v2 |
| Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493v1 |
| ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.20022418v1 |
| The tobacco-use disparity in gene expression of ACE2, the receptor of 2019-Nov Smokers have much more ACE2 than non-smokers, which may account for Chinese males dying 2X more than Chinese females (who do not smoke) | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.05.20020107v1 |
| Assessing the plausibility of subcritical transmission of 2019-nCoV in the United States | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021311v1 |
| Diarrhea may be underestimated: a missing link in 2019 novel coronavirus | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.20020289v1 |
42-minute YouTube video concerning Vitamin D, Coronavirus and ACE2
Slides are in German, but they are described by the author in English
ACE2 controls blood pressure.
When the Coronavirus takes over the ACE2, the blood pressure rises (in the lungs)
The video also overviews many previous Vitamin D studies on respiratory viruses.
Death from pulmonary edema after infection with the coronavirus is due to its use of the ACE2 protein as virus receptor- Feb 14, 2020
Analyzed gene associations in Coronavirus publications - ACE2 looks interesting - Feb 2020
TWIRLS, an automated topic-wise inference method based on massive literature, suggests a possible mechanism via ACE2 for the pathological changes in the human host after coronavirus infection - pre-print attached to this page
- *PDF may be available at the bottom of this page
- ACE2 in Wikipedia
- Two separate sets of researchers have asserted that the entry point is the same for the Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (Feb 14)
COVID-19 virus attached via ACE2, Vitamin D might help - citizen scientist - April 2020
Download 6 page PDF from VitaminDWiki
One of the 6 pages
See also
- The study found Increased UVB ==> decreased Blood Pressure - Feb 2020
- Does Incident Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Lower Blood Pressure? No such attachment on this page
- Vitamin D is discussed, but ACE2 is not mentioned
- Perhaps a gene blocks the virus from causing problems - as CCR5 gene does for HIV SingularityHub April 15
- "Viruses Pick Cellular Locks. Some Genes Rekey Them" so they cannot be picked.
- Over 100 organizations are looking into the genetics of COVID-19
- Perhaps the gene deals with ACE2 - no mention that Vitamin D may deal with ACE2 as well
Studies seem to indicate that a more-acid environment is associated with better Coronavirus attachment
- The Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Undergoes Direct Low-pH-Dependent Fusion Activation during Entry into Host Cells - 2006
- Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein - 2012
- Fusion of Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes - 2016
- The avian coronavirus spike protein - 2014
- Alteration of cell junctions during a viral infection - 2020
ALL PDFs are at the bottom of this page
There "might" be a reason not to take ascorbic ACID, but nothing to suspect of any interaction with Vitamin D
AI tool predicts COVID-19 test results (ignores Vitamin D, severity associated with HT) – March 2020 has
Updates April and May 2020
- Letter: does vitamin D have a potential role against COVID-19 May 20
- Note Patients take ACE inhibitors for the top 5 health problems, and Asthma is a side effect of taking ACE inhibitors
- Role of vitamin D in pathogenesis and severity of COVID-19 infection preprint April 20
- Includes ACE2 discussion
short URL = https://is.gd/CoronaACE2