Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 31(3), 247-260, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0391
Roberto Antonucci - University of Sassari
Cristian Locci - University of Sassari
Maria Grazia Clemente - University of Sassari mgclemente@uniss.it
Elena Chicconi - University of Sassari
Luca Antonucci - Academic Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
VitaminDWiki
Infant-Child category starts with
- No consensus on MINIMUM International Units (IU) for healthy infant of normal weight
- 400 IU Vitamin D is no longer enough
Was OK in the past century, but D levels have been dropping for a great many reasons.
FDA doubles the amount of vitamin D permitted in milk – July 2016 - No consensus: range is 600 to 1600 IU – based on many randomized controlled trials
- Review of 400 IU to 2000 IU daily and higher if non-daily
- Fewer pre-infants were vitamin D deficient when they got 800 IU – RCT Feb 2014
- 1600 IU was the conclusion of three JAMA studies
1000 IU recommended in France and Finland – 2013 - appears to be a good level - 5X less mite allergy after add vitamin D
- Child bone fractures with low vitamin D were 55X more likely to need surgery
- 75 % of SIDS had low vitamin D
- Children stayed in ICU 3.5 days longer if low vitamin D – Dec 2015
- 5 out of 6 children who died in pediatric critical care unit had low vitamin D – May 2014
- Infants have gotten free 400 IU of vitamin D in Turkey since 2005, More for longer would be even better – Feb 2022
- Preemies should have vitamin D supplements – reaching an agreement – April 2021
- Vitamin D loading dose was as effective as daily dosing (rickets in this case) – RCT July 2021
Having a good level of vitamin D cuts in half the amount of:
- Asthma, Chronic illness, Doctor visits, Allergies, infection
Respiratory Tract Infection, Growing pains, Bed wetting
Need even more IUs of vitamin D to get a good level if;
- Have little vitamin D: premie, twin, mother did not get much sun access
- Get little vitamin D: dark skin, little access to sun
- Vitamin D is consumed faster than normal due to sickness
- Older (need at least 100 IU/kilogram, far more if obese)
- Not get any vitamin D from formula (breast fed) or (fortified) milk
Note – formula does not even provide 400 IU of vitamin D daily
Infants-Children need Vitamin D
- Sun is great – well known for 1,000’s of years.
US govt (1934) even said infants should be out in the sun - One country recommended 2,000 IU daily for decades – with no known problems
- As with adults, infants and children can have loading doses and rarely need tests
- Daily dose appears to be best, but monthly seems OK
- Vitamin D is typically given to infants in the form of drops
big difference in taste between brands
can also use water-soluable form of vitamin D in milk, food, juice, - Infants have evolved to get a big boost of vitamin D immediately after birth
Colostrum has 3X more vitamin D than breast milk - provided the mother has any vitamin D to spare - 100 IU per kg of infant July 2011, Poland etc.
More than 100 IU/kg is probably better 822 items in the category Infant/Child See also - 34 pages in VitaminDWiki had BREASTFE*in title as of Jan 2022
- "BIRTH DEFECTS" 172 items as of July 2016
- Stunting OR “low birth weight” OR LBW OR preemie OR preemies OR preterm 1940 items as of Oct 2018
- 96 VitaminDWiki pages contained PRETERM or PREEMIE in title as of Aug 2021
- "SUDDEN INFANT DEATH" OR SIDS 214 items as of Dec 2020
- Overview of Rickets and Vitamin D
- Youth category listing has
173 items along with related searches - Down syndrome and low vitamin D - several studies
- Rett syndrome associated with low vitamin D, treated by Omega-3
 Download the PDF from Sci-Hub via VitaminDWiki
Table 2: Pediatric groups at-risk for vitamin D deficiency.
Table 3: Selected recent studies investigating the association between vitamin D status and various extra-skeletal disorders in childhood
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- Sonmez FM, Donmez A, Namuslu M, Canbal M, Orun E. Vitamin D deficiency in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2015;30:1428-32.
- Moreno-Solfs G, Fernandez-Gutierrez F, Torres-Borrego J, Torcello-Gaspar R, Gomez-Chaparro Moreno JL, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bronchiolitis severity in Spanish infants. Eur J Pediatr 2015;174:365-72.
- Vanstone MB, Egan ME, Zhang JH, Carpenter TO. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015;50:441-6.
- Venturini E, Facchini L, Martinez-Alier N, Novelli V, Galli L, et al. Vitamin D and tuberculosis: a multicenter study in children. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:652.*
- Dudding T, Thomas SJ, Duncan K, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ. Re-examining the association between vitamin D and childhood caries. PLoS One 2015;10:e0143769.
- Bergman P, Lindh AU, Bjorkhem-Bergman L, Lindh JD. Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled Trials. PLoS One 2013;8:e65835.
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- Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2006;96:252-61.
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- Dudding T, Thomas SJ, Duncan K, Lawlor DA, Timpson NJ. Re-examining the association between vitamin D and childhood caries. PLoS One 2015;10:e0143769.
- Bergman P, Lindh AU, Bjorkhem-Bergman L, Lindh JD. Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled Trials. PLoS One 2013;8:e65835.
- Clemente MG, Mandato C, Poeta M, Vajro P. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Recent solutions, unresolved issues, and future research directions. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:8078-93.
- Eliades M, Spyrou E, Agrawal N, Lazo M, Brancati FL, et al. Meta-analysis: vitamin D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:246-54.
- Sullivan S, Wills A, Lawlor D, McGrath J, Zammit S. Prenatal vitamin D status and risk of psychotic experiences at age 18 years-a longitudinal birth cohort. Schiz Res 2013;148:87-92.
- Franczyk A, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Wesotowska A, Czarnecka D. Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor activators in treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2014;14:34-44.
- Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, et al. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2006;96:252-61.
- Grant WB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and colorectal adenomas: case-control versus nested case-control studies. Anticancer Res 2015;35:1153-60.
- Fraser DR. Vitamin D. Lancet 1995;345:104-7.
- Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.
- Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Recommended vitamin D intake and management of low vitamin D status in adolescents: a position statement of the society for adolescent health and medicine. J Adolesc Health 2013;52:801-3.
- Veierod MB, Weiderpass E, Thorn M, Hansson J, Lund E, et al. A prospective study of pigmentation, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1530-8.
- Grodstein F, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ. A prospective study of incident squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the nurses’ health study. J Natl Cancer Ins 1995;87:1061-6.
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health. Ultraviolet light: a hazard to children. Pediatrics 1999;104(2 pt 1):328-33.
- Health Canada. Consolidation Food and Drugs Regulation. editor: The Minister of Justice Canada, Ottawa, ON, 2014.
- Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1710S-6S.
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