Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014
Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 416; doi:10.3390/nu10040416, Published: 28 March 2018
Zhiying Zhang 1, jazhang@nbty.com, Victor L. Fulgoni III 2, Penny M. Kris-Etherton 3 and Susan Hazels Mitmesser 1 Nutrition and Scientific Affairs, The Nature’s Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA
VitaminDWiki
This study failed to incorporate the decreases of Omega-3 due to faming and cooking
Less Omega-3 in farmed fish
- Unfortunately the govt studies continue to believe that there is no difference in Omega-3 content of farmed and wild fish
- Omega-3 oils in farmed salmon 'halve in five years' BBC 2016
- Long-chain omega-3 from low-trophic-level fish provides value to farmed seafood. 2015, free PDF online
“ However, the content of LC omega-3s in farm-raised seafood continues to decline,…”
Omega-3 reduction when cooked at high temperature
- The study mentioned by otherwise ignored the fact that cooking fish at a high temperature (frying, etc) destroys most of the Omega-3
Omega-3 Content in Fried Tuna Versus Cooked Tuna 2013
DOES COOKING HARM BENEFICIAL OMEGA-3S & 6S IN FISH 2012
“Increased baked/broiled fish intake may lower [heart failure] risk, whereas increased fried fish intake may increase [heart failure] risk in postmenopausal women.”
What Is the Healthiest Way to Cook Fish? 2017, many methods are discussed - Effect of different types of heat processing on chemical changes in tuna 2010 free PDF online
"The total saturated fatty acids suffered major loss in fried (70%) and canned tuna (40%)..."
Much less Omega-3 actually consumed than reported by this study
- Since 60% of the fish now consumed are farmed fish, and that much of it is cooked at high temperature
I suspect that >98% of the women now fail to actually consume the Omega-3 RDA - Note: There are huge differences in effectiveness between different Omega-3 supplements
- Not clear about canned albacore tuna
- One study found Albacore tuna has 10X more Omega-3 than regular canneed tuna
- Another study found that canned tuna had no Omega-3
- I switched to Albacore tuna about 20 years ago - Henry Lahore, founder of VitaminDWiki
Vitamin D and Omega-3 category starts with
CIlck here for details
Items in both categories Omega-3 and Pregnancy:
- Should Omega-3 be mandatory in Pregnancy (yes) – July 2024
- Vitamin D and Omega-3 benefits to pregnancy and infants
- Omega-3 fatty acid in pregnancy reduces risk of preterm and early preterm birth – Feb 2024
- Omega-3 fatty acid in pregnancy reduces risk of preterm and early preterm birth – Feb 2024
- Stillbirth reduced by Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega-3 - several studies
- Preterm birth decreased by Omega-3, etc. - many studies
- Preterm birth reduction by nutrients - Vitamin D is the best, Omega-3 is next best – May 2022
- Omega-3 improves pregnancies – Meta-analysis May 2022
- Omega-3 supplementation reduced preterm birth rate by 4X – RCT July 2020
- Conception 1.5 X more likely if taking any amount of Omega-3 – Feb 2022
- Pre-term birth rate cut in half with 1000 milligrams of Omega-3 (if initially low) – RCT May 2021
- Omega-3 recommended in Australia during pregnancy - April 2021
- Pregnancy recommendations – huge differences in Vitamin D, Mg, iron, Iodine, DHA, etc – April 2021
- Seafood (Omega-3) during pregnancy increased childhood IQ by 8 points – review Dec 2019
- Pregnant women in Australia to take Omega-3 when told of reduction in preterm births – Dec 2019
- Fat-soluble vitamins critical for conception, pregnancy and breast feeding (pigs) – Sept 2019
- Preterm Births reduced by Omega-3, Zinc, and Vitamin D – Aug 2019
- Depression after childbirth 5 X less likely if good Omega-3 index – April 2019
- Infant Problem-Solving Skills Linked to Mother’s DHA Omega-3 Level During Pregnancy – April 2019
- Omega-3 during pregnancy and breastfeeding is recommended – May 2019
- Preterm Births decreased by Omega-3 (analysis of 184 countries) – April 2019
- Preterm Births - promising preventions – anti-oxidants, Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc. – Jan 2019
- Preterm birth might be prevented by Vitamin D, Omega-3, etc. (International survey) – Jan 2019
- Omega-3 index of 5 greatly decreases the risk of an early preterm birth – Dec 2018
- Omega-3 added during pregnancy helps in many ways – Cochrane Review of RCTs Nov 2018
- Omega-3 helps conception as well as pregnancy – many studies
- More pregnancies and fewer abortions when Omega-3 was added (cows in this case) July 2018
- PCOS treated by a combination of Vitamin D and Omega-3 – RCT Oct 2018
- Omega-3 – fewer than 5 percent of adult women get the RDA – April 2018
- Omega-3, Vitamin D, Folic acid etc. during pregnancy and subsequent mental illness of child – March 2018
- Supplementation while pregnant and psychotic – 20 percent Omega-3, 6 percent Vitamin D – June 2016
- Importance of Vitamin D and fish rarely mentioned during midwife-led prenatal booking visits – July 2017
- Preterm birth rate of pregnant smokers cut in half if take Omega-3 – RCT May 2017
- Gestational diabetes treated by Vitamin D plus Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2017
- Asthma reduced 31 percent when Omega-3 taken during pregnancy – RCT Dec 2016
- Preterm births strongly related to Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Iodine, Omega-3, etc
- Typical pregnancy is now 39 weeks – Omega-3 and Vitamin D might restore it to full 40 weeks
- Omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy reduce early preterm births (save 1500 USD per child) – Aug 2016
- Rancid Omega-3 increased the odds of newborn mortality by 13 times (rats) – July 2016
- Preterm birth extended by 2 weeks with Omega-3 – Meta-analysis Nov 2015
- Stillbirth rate typically 1 in 200, perhaps only 1 in 800 with Omega-3
- Omega-3 helps pregnancy in many ways: preterm 26 percent less likely etc – review July 2012
- Pregnancy and infants healthier with Omega-3 supplementation - many studies
- Vitamin D, DHA, Folic, Iodine benefits during pregnancy – July 2012
See also VitaminDWiki
- Omega-3 helps the heart, AHA class II recommendation, more than 1 gm may be needed – March 2018
Note: 1 gram is about 3X more than the RDA - Happy Nurses Project gave Omega-3 for 3 months – reduced depression, insomnia, anxiety, etc for a year – RCT July 2018
- Live longer if high Vitamin D or Omega-3 (probably both)
- People felt less aggression after just 6 weeks of Omega-3 – RCT Dec 2017
- Omega-3 supplement better than farmed salmon at raising Omega-3 index – RCT Feb 2018
- Omega-3 – most humans and horses can start with loading doses – saving 1 to 3 months
Recommendations for women by many countries and organizations 2017
| US | 250 mg each of EPA and DHA |
| Japan | 1800 mg TOTAL (about 3X of US) |
Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
Table 1. EPA and DHA worldwide recommendations for pregnant and lactating women
Background: The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that the general population should consume about 8 ounces (oz.) per week of a variety of seafood, providing approximately 250 mg per day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that pregnant and lactating women should consume 8–12 oz. per week of seafood.
Methods: We determined the usual intakes, percentage not meeting recommendations, and trends in EPA and DHA intakes among childbearing-age and pregnant women (15–44 years of age) using the NHANES cycles 2001–2002 through 2013–2014.
Results: For the childbearing-age women, the mean usual intake of seafood was 0.44 ± 0.02 oz. equivalent per day and 100% of the population was below the DGA recommendation. Mean usual intakes of EPA, DHA, and combined EPA and DHA from foods and dietary supplements combined were 26.8 ± 1.4, 62.2 ± 1.9, and 88.1 ± 3.0 mg per day, respectively. Over 95% of the sample did not meet the daily intakes of 250 mg EPA and DHA. Similar results were observed for pregnant women. After controlling for covariates, there were slight but significant increases in EPA and DHA intakes from foods and dietary supplements over the 14-year span among childbearing-age (p = 0.005) and pregnant women (p = 0.002).
Conclusions: It was estimated that a majority of U.S. childbearing-age and pregnant women consumed significantly lower amounts of seafood than what the DGA recommends, which subsequently leads to low intakes of EPA and DHA; in addition, dietary supplement use has not eliminated the nutrient shortfall.
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