Dark skinned children were vitamin D deficient in Italy (not infants) – Nov 2014

25-hydroxyvitamin D serum level in children of different ethnicity living in Italy

European Journal of Pediatrics, November 2014
Bruna Franchi, Michele Piazza, Marco Sandri, Laura Tenero, Pasquale Comberiati, Attilio Loris Boner, Carlo Capristo

VitaminDWiki Summary

Non-infants < 20ng/mL

CaucasianAfricanNorth AfricanIndianOther
44% 65 % 69%54 % 49 %

Pages listed in BOTH the categories Infant-child and Dark Skin

I do not recall seeing that blood levels of infants did not also differ with skin darkness.

Image
Several factors including ethnicity are known to influence 25(OH)D levels. The purpose of our study was to assess 25(OH)D levels among 1374 pediatric subjects of different ethnicity and to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among different ethnic groups. The prevalence of 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/ml was 44.2, 65.2, 69.2, 54.0, and 44.8 % among Caucasians, Africans, North Africans, Indians, and others, respectively (P < 0.001). The median of 25(OH)D was 21.0 ng/ml (IQR = 14.0–29.6 ng/ml) for the cohort. Season of blood sampling, age, ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight, and z-score BMI were associated with 25(OH)D levels. Caucasians had higher median 25(OH)D levels than sub-Saharan Africans (P < 0.001), North Africans (P < 0.001), and Indians (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the median 25(OH)D levels between ethnic groups among infants, whereas for children older than 1 year we found significant differences in 25(OH)D levels in the different ethnic groups, compared to Caucasians.

Conclusion: Ethnicity was correlated with 25(OH)D levels among children older than 1 year. We found a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency after the first year of life, and this was more remarkable in non-Caucasian children.

References

  1. Agostoni C, Buonocore G, Carnielli VP, De Curtis M, Darmaun D, Decsi T, Domellof M, Embleton ND, Fusch C, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Goulet O, Kalhan SC, Kolacek S, Koletzko B, Lapillonne A, Mihatsch W, Moreno L, Neu J, Poindexter B, Puntis J, Putet G, Rigo J, Riskin A, Salle B, Sauer P, Shamir R, Szajewska H, Thureen P, Turck D, van Goudoever JB, Ziegler E (2010)
    Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 50(1):85–91 CrossRef
  2. Arabi A, El Rassi R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G (2010) Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries—prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 6(10):550–561 CrossRef
  3. Au LE, Economos CD, Goodman E, Must A, Chomitz VR, Sacheck JM (2012) Vitamin D intake and serum vitamin D in ethnically diverse urban school children. Public Health Nutr 15(11):2047–2053 CrossRef
  4. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (2006) Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 84(1):18–28
  5. Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Powers RW, Frank MP, Cooperstein E, Roberts JM (2007) High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr 137(2):447–452
  6. Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, Decsi T, Domellof M, Fewtrell M, Hojsak I, Mihatsch W, Molgaard C, Shamir R, Turck D, van Goudoever J (2013) Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 56(6):692–701 CrossRef
  7. Brazerol WF, McPhee AJ, Mimouni F, Specker BL, Tsang RC (1988) Serial ultraviolet B exposure and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D response in young adult American blacks and whites: No racial differences. J Am Coll Nutr 7(2):111–118 CrossRef
  8. Cadario F, Savastio S, Pozzi E, Capelli A, Dondi E, Gatto M, Zaffaroni M, Bona G (2013) Vitamin D status in cord blood and newborns: Ethnic differences. Ital J Pediatr 39:35 CrossRef
  9. Christakos S, DeLuca HF (2011) Minireview: Vitamin D: Is there a role in extraskeletal health? Endocrinology 152(8):2930–2936 CrossRef
  10. Dawson-Hughes B (2004) Racial/ethnic considerations in making recommendations for vitamin D for adult and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 80(6 Supp):1763s–1766s
  11. Dong Y, Pollock N, Stallmann-Jorgensen IS, Gutin B, Lan L, Chen TC, Keeton D, Petty K, Holick MF, Zhu H (2010) Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adolescents: Race, season, adiposity, physical activity, and fitness. Pediatrics 125(6):1104–1111 CrossRef
  12. Eichholzer M, Platz EA, Bienstock JL, Monsegue D, Akereyeni F, Hollis BW, Horst R, Rifai N, Pollak MN, Barbir A, Agurs-Collins T, Rohrmann S (2013) Racial variation in vitamin D cord blood concentration in white and black male neonates. Cancer Causes Control 24(1):91–98 CrossRef
  13. Franchi B, Piazza M, Sandri M, Mazzei F, Maffeis C, Boner AL (2014) Vitamin D at the onset of type 1 diabetes in Italian children. Eur J Pediatr 173(4):477–482 CrossRef
  14. Freedman BI, Register TC (2012) Effect of race and genetics on vitamin D metabolism, bone and vascular health. Nat Rev Nephrol 8(8):459–466 CrossRef
  15. Garrett-Mayer E, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S (2012) Vitamin D3 supplementation (4000 IU/day for 1 year) eliminates differences in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D between African American and white men. Am J Clin Nutr 96(2):332–336 CrossRef
  16. Gutierrez OM, Farwell WR, Kermah D, Taylor EN (2011) Racial differences in the relationship between vitamin D, bone mineral density, and parathyroid hormone in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Osteoporos Int 22(6):1745–1753 CrossRef
  17. Hannan MT, Litman HJ, Araujo AB, McLennan CE, McLean RR, McKinlay JB, Chen TC, Holick MF (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone mineral density in a racially and ethnically diverse group of men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(1):40–46 CrossRef
  18. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM 357(3):266–281 CrossRef
  19. Huh SY, Gordon CM (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents: epidemiology, impact and treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9(2):161–170 CrossRef
  20. Kant AK, Graubard BI (2012) Race-ethnic, family income, and education differentials in nutritional and lipid biomarkers in US children and adolescents: NHANES 2003–2006. Am J Clin Nutr 96(3):601–612 CrossRef
  21. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Motlagh ME, Shariatinejad K, Heshmat R, Poursafa P, Fakhri M, Tajadini M, Taslimi M (2014) National report on the association of serum vitamin D with cardiometabolic risk factors in the pediatric population of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): The CASPIAN-III Study. Nutrition 30(1):33–38 CrossRef
  22. Kuhnlein HV, Johns T (2003) Northwest African and Middle Eastern food and dietary change of indigenous peoples. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12(3):344–349
  23. Kumar J, Muntner P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpern SM, Melamed ML (2009) Prevalence and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in US children: NHANES 2001–2004. Pediatrics 124(3):e362–370 CrossRef
  24. Marrone G, Rosso I, Moretti R, Valent F, Romanello C (2012) Is vitamin D status known among children living in Northern Italy? Eur J Nutr 51(2):143–149 CrossRef
  25. Melamed ML, Kumar J (2010) Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the pediatric populations: Prevalence and clinical outcomes. Ped Health 4(1):89–97 CrossRef
  26. Mitchell DM, Henao MP, Finkelstein JS, Burnett-Bowie SA (2012) Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adults. Endocr Pract 18(6):914–923 CrossRef
  27. O’Neill V, Asani FF, Jeffery TJ, Saccone DS, Bornman L (2013) Vitamin D receptor gene expression and function in a South African population: Ethnicity, vitamin D and I. PLoS ONE 8(6):e67663 CrossRef
  28. Powe CE, Evans MK, Wenger J, Zonderman AB, Berg AH, Nalls M, Tamez H, Zhang D, Bhan I, Karumanchi SA, Powe NR, Thadhani R (2013) Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of black Americans and white Americans. NEJM 369(21):1991–2000 CrossRef
  29. Rajakumar K, de Las Heras J, Chen TC, Lee S, Holick MF, Arslanian SA (2011) Vitamin D status, adiposity, and lipids in black American and Caucasian children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(5):1560–1567 CrossRef
  30. Robinson-Cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, Sachs MC, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS, Kestenbaum BR, de Boer IH (2013) Racial differences in the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with coronary heart disease events. JAMA 310(2):179–188 CrossRef
  31. Rosen CJ (2011) Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. NEJM 364(3):248–254 CrossRef
  32. Sandri M, Zuccolotto P (2006) Variable Selection using Random Forests. In: Zani SCA, Riani M, Vichi M (eds) Data analysis, classification and forward search. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 263–270 CrossRef
  33. Thacher TD, Clarke BL (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 86(1):50–60 CrossRef
  34. Vierucci F, Del Pistoia M, Fanos M, Gori M, Carlone G, Erba P, Massimetti G, Federico G, Saggese G (2013) Vitamin D status and predictors of hypovitaminosis D in Italian children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Pediatr 172(12):1607–1617 CrossRef
  35. Walker VP, Modlin RL (2009) The vitamin D connection to pediatric infections and immune function. Pediatr Res 65(5 Pt 2):106r–113r CrossRef

4797 visitors, last modified 19 Nov, 2014,
Printer Friendly Follow this page for updates