Vitamin D and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: SERVE Study (SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and the Role of Vitamin D among Hospital Employees)
J Nutr. 2023 Mar 3;S0022-3166(23)35280-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.001 behind paywall
Yi Liu 1, Shannon Clare 1, Gia D'Erasmo 1, Alison Heilbronner 1, Alexander Dash 1, Alexandra Krez 1, Caroline Zaworski 1, Katherine Haseltine 1, Alana Serota 2, Andy Miller 3, Keila Veiga 4, Marvin Sandoval Theresa T Lu 4, Donald J McMahon 1, Jeri W Nieves 2, Emily Margaret Stein 5
Context: Recognition of the role of vitamin D in immune function has led to interest in its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although clinical studies to date have had conflicting results, many individuals currently take high doses of vitamin D to prevent infection. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and vitamin D supplement use with incident SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods: In this prospective cohort study 250 healthcare workers were enrolled at a single institution and followed for 15 months. Participants completed questionnaires every 3 months regarding new SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and supplement use. Serum was drawn at baseline, 6, and 12 months for 25OHD and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies.
Results: Mean age of participants was 40 years, BMI 26 kg/m2, 71% were Caucasian, and 78% female. Over 15 months, 56 participants (22%) developed incident SARS-CoV-2 infections. At baseline, ∼50% reported using vitamin D supplements (mean daily dose 2250 units). Mean serum 25OHD was 38 ng/ml. Baseline 25OHD did not predict incident SARS-CoV-2 infection (Odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% CI 0.80-1.20). Neither use of vitamin D supplements (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.65-2.14), nor supplement dose was associated with incident infection (OR 1.01 per 100-units increase, 95% CI 0.99 - 1.02).
Conclusion: In this prospective study of health care workers, neither serum 25OHD nor use of vitamin D supplements was associated with incident SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings argue against the common practice of taking high dose vitamin D supplements for presumed prevention of COVID-19.
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