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Vitamin D before, during, and after pregnancy - Sept 2012

Implications of maternal vitamin D deficiency for the fetus, the neonate and the young infant


Life stage Outcome
Preconception Unsuccessful in vitro fertilization
Pregnancy Reduced activation of innate immunity in the placenta
Increased risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia
Delay in fetal lung development and surfactant production
Delay in fetal bone development
Perinatal Increased risk of cesarean delivery
Reduced body size and shape at birth
Poor skeletal mineralization and bone defects at birth
Childhood Lower bone mineral content with skeletal deformities
and increased risk of fracture
Growth retardation
Rickets
Increased risk of respiratory tract infections
Increased risk of wheezing and asthma
Increased risk of type 1 diabetes
Increased risk of central nervous system disorders
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Ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby - take Vitamin D before conception

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Start Vitamin D soon if pregnant VDW 9923
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Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary

Problem
Vit. D
Reduces
Evidence
0. Chance of not conceiving3.4 times Observe
1. Miscarriage 2.5 times Observe
2. Pre-eclampsia 3.6 timesRCT
3. Gestational Diabetes 3 times RCT
4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality 3.5 times Observe
5. Premature birth 2 times RCT
6. C-section - unplanned 1.6 timesObserve
     Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 4 timesRCT - Omega-3
7. Depression AFTER pregnancy 1.4 times RCT
8. Small for Gestational Age 1.6 times meta-analysis
9. Infant height, weight, head size
     within normal limits
RCT
10. Childhood Wheezing 1.3 times RCT
11. Additional child is Autistic 4 times Intervention
12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis 1.9 timesObserve
13. Preeclampsia in young adult 3.5 timesRCT
14. Good motor skills @ age 31.4 times Observe
15. Childhood Mite allergy 5 times RCT
16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits 2.5 times RCT

RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial


Eur J Nutr DOI 10.1007/s00394-012-0476-4

Nicola Principi • Sonia Bianchini • Elena Baggi • Susanna Esposito

Background It has recently been demonstrated that vitamin D (VD) deficiency during pregnancy and lactation can give rise to problems in mothers and their children.

Aim To discuss the implications of VD deficiency during pregnancy and the best VD supplementation to use in order to avoid risks for the mother and child.

Methods PubMed was used to select all of the clinical studies published in the last 15 years concerning VD deficiency in pregnant women and its impact on the fetuses, neonates and infants, as well as the use of VD supplementation during pregnancy.

Results Several studies have suggested that VD deficiency is associated with possible major outcomes in the preconception period, during pregnancy, perinatally and in childhood. A 25(OH)D concentration of >32 and <50-60 ng/mL seems to be associated with the lowest risk of disease, and the administration of 2,000 IU/day to pregnant and breastfeeding women seems to maintain adequate 25(OH)D levels. However, not all the experts agree with these conclusions because some of them do not think that VD deficiency can really cause extraskeletal manifestations and consider that the traditionally suggested 400-600 IU/day can be enough to permit an adequate bone development.

Conclusions Despite an increasing amount of data seems to suggest that pregnant women need a greater amount of VD than recommended in the past, further studies are needed to determine how much VD has to be given to assure a regular evolution of the pregnancy and an adequate development of the fetus and the young child.

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