Micronutrients to Support Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy
Vaccines 2022, 10(4), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040568
by Philip C. Calder 1,Mette M. Berger 2,Adrian F. Gombart 3,Grace A. McComsey 4,Adrian R. Martineau 5 andManfred Eggersdorfer 6,*
The world has entered the third year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vaccination is the primary public health strategy to protect against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in addition to other measures, such as mask wearing and social distancing. Vaccination has reduced COVID-19 severity and mortality dramatically. Nevertheless, incidence globally remains high, and certain populations are still at risk for severe outcomes. Additional strategies to support immunity, including potentially enhancing the response to vaccination, are needed. Many vitamins and trace minerals have recognized immunomodulatory actions, and their status and/or supplementation have been reported to correspond to the incidence and severity of infection. Furthermore, a variety of observational and some interventional studies report that adequate micronutrient status or micronutrient supplementation is associated with enhanced vaccine responses, including to COVID-19 vaccination. Such data suggest that micronutrient supplementation may hold the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness, although additional interventional studies to further strengthen the existing evidence are needed. Positive findings from such research could have important implications for global public health, since deficiencies in several micronutrients that support immune function are prevalent in numerous settings, and supplementation can be implemented safely and inexpensively.
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See also VitaminDWiki (8 as of Aug 2022)
- Better response 6 months after Pfizer vaccinations if higher vitamin D – Aug 2022
- Pfizer vaccine produced 30 percent more antibodies if more vitamin D – July 2022
- Vitamin D might augment COVID-19 vaccines – 6 papers as of Dec 2021
- COVID vaccination makes 6X more antibodies in those having good levels of both vitamin D and Iron – June 2021
- More than 1 hour of daily sun improved influenza vaccine by 35 percent (Vitamin D helps again) – Oct 2019
- HIV vaccine effectivity perhaps increased and side effects reduced if higher Vitamin D - Dec 2021
- Flu vaccine effectiveness and side effects
- 10X reactions to flu vaccine when vitamin D deficient