Noncalcemic adverse effects and withdrawals in randomized controlled trials of long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nutr Rev. 2017 Nov 30. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux059. [Epub ahead of print]
Malihi Z1, Wu Z1, Mm Lawes C1, Scragg R1.
School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Getting more than about 1 gram of calcium supplement causes many health problems - with or without vitamin D
The Institute of Medicine in 2010 mistakenly said 4 grams was OK - even with Vitamin D
- Calcium and Vitamin D category listing has
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If you feel that you must take > .75 gram of Calcium, be sure to take Vitamin K to keep it out of your arteries and drink lots of water to flush it out of your system
CONTEXT:
Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence for a possible beneficial impact of vitamin D supplementation on health outcomes beyond bone health, but there are few reviews of noncalcemic adverse effects from long-term supplementation.OBJECTIVE:
The aims of this systematic review of vitamin D supplementation in RCTs were as follows: to determine whether all adverse effects, when combined, are reported equally between treatment arms; to identify the most common noncalcemic adverse effects reported; and to ascertain whether withdrawal rates, as a marker of clinical adverse effects, differ between treatment arms.DATA SOURCES:
The MEDLINE Ovid, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically up to May 2016.STUDY SELECTION:
Randomized controlled trials that met the following criteria were selected: administered vitamin D2 or D3 supplements for a minimum supplementation or follow-up period of 24 weeks, had a placebo/control group, and were conducted among adults (≥ 18 y).DATA EXTRACTION:
Two researchers independently screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, and carried out quality assessment of selected studies. A total of 128 studies with 52 297 participants were identified. A random-effects model was used to calculate risk ratios in a meta-analysis.RESULTS:
- Long-term vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation, compared with placebo, did not increase all adverse effects, when combined, as reported in 62 studies with 19 389 participants (relative risk [RR] = 0.97; 95%CI, 0.92-1.02).
- Vitamin D also did not increase the risk of the most common noncalcemic adverse effects:
gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in 27 studies with 9189 participants (RR = 1.01; 95%CI, 0.87-1.17), and
dermatological symptoms were reported in 8 studies with 1695 participants (RR = 1.33; 95%CI, 0.82-2.15). - Vitamin D did not increase withdrawals from 123 studies with 41 861 participants (RR = 1.03; 95%CI, 0.96-1.09).
- However, participants given vitamin D were more likely to report withdrawals than those given placebo in studies in which calcium was given in both arms (RR = 1.16; 95%CI, 1.02-1.33) when compared with participants in studies in which calcium was not given in either arm (RR = 1.00; 95%CI, 0.95-1.06; P for interaction = 0.009).
CONCLUSIONS:
Overall, these findings suggest that vitamin D, by itself, does not increase the risk of noncalcemic adverse effects.PMID: 29202186 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux059
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