Sports benefits from up to 50 ng (click on chart for details)
see also:
Overview Sports and vitamin D Concussions
Military Muscle Overview Fractures and vitamin D
Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
Athletes helped by weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D – RCT Aug 2019
Less muscle inflammation after exercise if high level of Vitamin D (50 ng) -July 2021 50 ng
Only 1 NCAA basketball player getting 10,000 IU vitamin D daily achieved 50 ng goal – Jan 2020 50 ng
NCAA trainers are getting on board the Vitamin D train (40-50 ng)– Nov 2019 50 ng
Is 50 ng of vitamin D too high, just right, or not enough 50 ng
The only independent predictor of aerobic power: Vitamin D - 2021
Vitamin D - Legal doping for sports professionals, amateurs and their families (book in German) 2020
Some Foot and ankle problems are treated by Vitamin D – many studies
Vitamin D provides faster recovery after muscle overuse – April 2013
Olympic Committee consensus on Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc– May 2018
Vitamin D trials by military – all 4 found benefit – review Sept 2019
Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
20 Most-visited pages in Sports category in VitaminDWiki
The Meta-analysis of Sports and Vitamin D are listed here:
- Indoor athletes have 4.5 ng less Vitamin D (Asia in this case) – meta-analysis April 2023
- Vitamin D trials by military – all 4 found benefit – review Sept 2019
- Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
- Resistance exercise combined with Vitamin D is great for seniors – meta-analysis July 2017
- Stress fractures in basic training associated with 2.5 ng less vitamin D – meta-analysis Nov 2014
- Vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength in healthy adults – meta-analysis of 6 RCT Aug 2014
- Vitamin D supplementation help muscles of seniors who are vitamin D deficient – meta-analysis July 2014
- Sports benefits from up to 50 ng of Vitamin – meta-analysis - Nov 2012
- Elderly lower limb muscle strength improved with Vitamin D supplementation - Meta-analysis Oct 2013
- Vitamin D improves muscle strength if deficient – meta-analysis - Oct 2010
Sports and UV:
Vitamin D Intervention and Sports studies are listed here:
- Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022
- 6,000 IU of vitamin D for 6 weeks helped soccer players somewhat – May 2020
- Only 1 NCAA basketball player getting 10,000 IU vitamin D daily achieved 50 ng goal – Jan 2020
- College swimmers helped by daily 5,000 IU of Vitamin D in the fall – RCT Feb 2020
- 4,000 IU of vitamin D for 1 month does not help (muscles in this case) – RCT Jan 2020
- Muscles not improved by just Vitamin D weekly (also need exercise) – Dec 2019
- Athletes helped by weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D – RCT Aug 2019
- Exercise plus vitamin D increases elderly muscles (Nordic walking in this case) – RCT Sept 2018
- Taekwondo athletes helped by just 1 month of Vitamin D (longer would be better) - RCT May 2018
- Nordic Walking and 4,000 IU of vitamin D lowered cholesterol, fat, weight, and lipids (senior women) – RCT Feb 2018
- Elite Athletes do well with weekly 35,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Feb 2017
- 2000 IU of vitamin D for just 2 weeks helped in many ways – RCT June 2016
- Muscle strength of Judo athletes increased 13 percent following single dose of 150,000 IU vitamin D – RCT Nov 2015
- Athletic performance and recovery benefits of Vitamin D (4000-5000 IU and Vitamin K) – Aug 2015
- Improved muscle function in postmenopausal women with just 1,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT May 2015
- People with old burns improved muscle strength with 2200 IU average vitamin D – RCT Sept 2014
- Fewer injuries and higher ballet jumps with 2,000 IU of vitamin D – April 2013
- Collegiate Swimmers getting 4000 IU of vitamin D had fewer injuries – March 2013
- Muscle fatigue reduced with 10,000 IU of vitamin D – March 2013
- Muscle strength in youth increased with 60,000 IU vitamin D per week and 1 g Calcium – April 2010
Here are all of the Sports articles
- wiki page:
- Athletes who had been COVID infected had lower Vitamin D levels – July 2023
- Some excess calories diverted to muscle growth if high level vitamin D (exercising mice) – preprint May 2022
- ACL knee tears 1.8X more likely in 2 years if low Vitamin D – April 2023
- Indoor athletes have 4.5 ng less Vitamin D (Asia in this case) – meta-analysis April 2023
- Athletic deaths now 7 X higher than normal - Dec 2022
- More muscle strength 80 years after being born in warm season (no surprise) – Nov 2022
- Exercise-induced muscle damage fought when enough vitamin D used for long enough – review Sept 2022
- 10,000 IU Vitamin D raised basketball player levels (more than 50 ng need to improve performance) – June 2022
- Typical stress fracture during US Navy training cost 14,953 dollars, most had less than 40 ng Vitamin D - June 2022
- Low Vitamin D 2X more likely in power-sport athletes – June 2022
- Vitamin D raised after intense exercise if initially low and can burn fat – June 2022
- Diabetic inflammation synergistically decreased by Vitamin D and exercise – RCT June 2022
- Exercise Performance improved by Vitamin D or Magnesium – 2021
- High-Dose Vitamin D puts surplus calories into muscles instead of fat (mice) – May 2022
- 3X less muscle atrophy after ACL surgery if more than 40 ng of vitamin D – May 2022
- Better handgrip strength if some good vitamin D genes (or if supplement) – April 2022
- Handgrip strength increased 9 percent in college athletes with 8 weeks of Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2022
- The only independent predictor of aerobic power: Vitamin D - 2021
- Resistance training can be aided by Vitamin D, 50,000 IU monthly is not often enough – RCT Dec 2021
- Off Topic: Exercycle for high-intensity exercise with UV
- COVID quarantine reduced vitamin D levels by 40 percent (Japanese football team) – Oct 2020
- Wattage produced by Elite indoor athletes: 3.9 W per kg if high Vitamin D vs 3.5 if low – Oct 2021
- Exercise training by seniors may benefit from as little as 800 IU of vitamin D – Sept 2021
- Less muscle inflammation after exercise if high level of Vitamin D (50 ng) -July 2021
- Vitamin D - Legal doping for sports professionals, amateurs and their families (book in German) 2020
- Vitamin D is the most commonly used supplement by elite female soccer players – June 2021
- Low muscle strength predicts low vitamin D level in elderly – March 2021
- Stress fractures take longer to heal if low vitamin D – Aug 2020
- Elite sports teams adding 5,000 IU of vitamin D weekly did not see much benefit (no surprise) – April 2021
- Stress Fractures and Vitamin D – narrative review March 2021
- 6,000 IU of vitamin D for 6 weeks helped soccer players somewhat – May 2020
- Adding just a little vitamin D does not help (muscle mass in this case) – meta-analysis Jan 2021
- Low muscle mass at least 2X more likely if low Vitamin D (Korea, all ages) – Dec 2020
- Active muscles store vitamin D in the winter - Oct 2019
- Vitamin D helps athletes while reducing their COVID-19 risk - Dec 4, 2020
- Faster Soccer sprints by teens from 5,000 IU of vitamin D for just 70 days – Aug 2019
- Sarcopenia (muscle loss) is 1.6X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – July 2020
- Child soccer players who were deficient were helped by a single 200,000 IU vitamin D dose – RCT May 2020
- 50,000 IU Vitamin D weekly provided enough benefit for combat sport athletes – March 2020
- Only 1 NCAA basketball player getting 10,000 IU vitamin D daily achieved 50 ng goal – Jan 2020
- College swimmers helped by daily 5,000 IU of Vitamin D in the fall – RCT Feb 2020
- Less muscle loss associated with eating more fish (Omega-3, Vitamin D, Magnesium, etc) – Jan 2020
- 4,000 IU of vitamin D for 1 month does not help (muscles in this case) – RCT Jan 2020
- My balance significantly improved at age 73 (perhaps Vitamin D, B12, or Omega-3) – Jan 2020
- Muscles not improved by just Vitamin D weekly (also need exercise) – Dec 2019
- Lean body mass increased in those getting just 420 IU of vitamin D daily– RCT Dec 2019
- NCAA trainers are getting on board the Vitamin D train (40-50 ng)– Nov 2019
- Reduced muscle function in mice lacking Vitamin D Receptors in muscles – June 2019
- Low vitamin D resulted in reduced genes to make muscles (in rats) – Nov 2019
- Vitamin D trials by military – all 4 found benefit – review Sept 2019
- Some Foot and ankle problems are treated by Vitamin D – many studies
- Vitamin D and CBD both benefit sports and are not considered to be doping – Sept 2019
- Every single Taekwondo (indoor) Korean teen had low Vitamin D – Sept 2019
- Omega-3 helps muscles – Aug 2019
- Athletes helped by weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D – RCT Aug 2019
- Muscles of senior women not helped by just vitamin D (also need exercise) – Aug 2019
- Vitamin D being used by sports teams to avoid injuries and improve performance – WSJ Jan 2016
- Mechanisms of vitamin D action in skeletal muscle – June 2019
- Vitamin D and the Athlete – a complex problem – June 2019
- Football professionals die more often of neuro and cardio problems than those in baseball – May 2019
- Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
- Vitamin D does not help gain muscle mass (when only use small doses) – March 2019
- Muscle loss (sarcopenia) may be both prevented and treated by Omega-3 – Feb 2019
- No NCAA player had a healthy Omega-3 index – Jan 2019
- Protein aids muscle gain – meta-analysis March 2018
- Vitamin D and muscle – April 2019
- Recreational athletes having more than 20 ng of vitamin D run faster – Dec 2018
- Higher Cardiovascular fitness (VO2) if higher Vitamin D – Oct 2018
- Exercise plus vitamin D increases elderly muscles (Nordic walking in this case) – RCT Sept 2018
- Dietary Protein, Muscle and Physical Function in the Very Old – July 2018
- Postmenopausal women need Vitamin D, protein and exercise to prevent loss of muscle and bone – Aug 2018
- Sarcopenia reduction: Protein, Leucine, Omega-3, Vitamin D, and exercise - hypothesis Aug 2018
- Muscular Dystrophies – low vitamin D might be associated with all 9 types – Aug 2018
- Disability was 1.9 X more likely if weak muscles and low vitamin D two years before – Aug 2018
- Muscle fatigue 4X less likely in rugby players getting Omega-3 and protein – July 2018
- Muscle problems are both treated and avoided by Vitamin D – April 2018
- Sarcopenia does not officially exist in Australia, but 1 in 3 of their seniors have it - July 2018
- Muscle, etc. problems if consume little vitamin D (mice) – June 2018
- Healthy walking speed is 100 steps per minute – May 2018
- 2X less muscle soreness after exercise if Omega-3 index higher than 4 – RCT 2014
- College football injuries 5.9 X more likely if low pre-season vitamin D – thesis May 2018
- Teen dancers had 3X fewer traumatic injuries after 120,000 IU Vitamin D over a week – RCT June 2018
- Poor handgrip strength in 5-year-old girls 3X more likely if low vitamin D – May 2018
- Olympic Committee consensus on Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc– May 2018
- Taekwondo athletes helped by just 1 month of Vitamin D (longer would be better) - RCT May 2018
- Nordic Walking and 4,000 IU of vitamin D lowered cholesterol, fat, weight, and lipids (senior women) – RCT Feb 2018
- During NFL season – Omega-3 down by 2.5 points while Vitamin D up by 9 ng – March 2018
- Omega-3 helps muscles and reduces inflammation, lipids, and insulin – Nov 2015
- Overweight senior women with low vitamin D were 12X more likely to be weak – Feb 2018
- Grip strength of children not improved by 800 IU Vitamin D daily (not nearly enough) – RCT Feb 2018
- Osteoporosis and low grip strength both associated with low vitamin D – Feb 2018
- Sports and Vitamin D – a review which has many problems – Jan 2018
- Lack of Vitamin D Can Sideline College Football Players – Jan 2018
- Weaker hand grip if poor Vitamin D Receptor (15 percent) – Nov 2016
- Having several concussions as a teenager doubled the risk of Multiple Sclerosis – Sept 2017
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury prevented with Omega-3, Resveratrol, etc (in rats) – Oct 2017
- Seniors gained 0.3 kg of muscle in 6 weeks with 800 IU and Leucine protein – Aug 2017
- Resistance exercise combined with Vitamin D is great for seniors – meta-analysis July 2017
- Athletes maximal cardiac output increased 12 percent with Vitamin K2 – RCT July 2017
- The USADA should ban vitamin D – July 2017
- Most exercise occurs in the evening (when there is little or no Vitamin D) – July 2017
- Fast twitch muscles increased by Vitamin D in athletes and seniors (reduce falling) – Oct 2016
- NHL discovers Vitamin D – their ideal is 40-120 ng – 2016
- Recent increase in Vitamin D levels in Elite Irish Athletes – Aug 2016
- Sarcopenia: Nutrition and physical activity – systematic review – Jan 2017
- More fast twitch muscles (IIA) are associated with higher levels of Vitamin D – Feb 2017
- Elite Athletes do well with weekly 35,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Feb 2017
- Severely burned children recovered muscle capability much faster with daily 1000 IU of vitamin D – RCT March 2017
- Handgrip strength dropped by 20 percent in the last generation (perhaps due to lower vitamin D) - Feb 2017
- Large single-dose of Omega-3 reduced expected muscle damage – Feb 2017
- More muscle torque associated with higher vitamin D – Jan 2017
- Indoor bicycling and 2000 IU of vitamin D lowers heart rate by 6 percent – RCT Dec 2016
- Slow walking speed of youths 14 times more likely if low vitamin D - Dec 2016
- Vitamin D increased muscle strength by 1% to 19% (varied with dose and duration) – review June 2016
- Vitamin D increasing muscle strength may reduce knee pain – Feb 2016
- How vitamin D helps exercise (IGF) – RCT Nov 2016
- Muscle strength of senior women increased 25 percent with vitamin D, decreased 6 percent with placebo – Oct 2016
- 2000 IU of vitamin D for just 2 weeks helped in many ways – RCT June 2016
- Most Olympic-class Dutch athletes nudged Vitamin D levels above 30 nanograms with 2200 IU daily – RCT July 2016
- Muscle Strength improved 1.4 to 19 percent by vitamin D3 (not D2) – systematic review June 2016
- Laryngospasm 2 X more likely in competitive rowers with low vitamin D – May 2016
- Result of 5 years of Vitamin D given to athletes in a high school: $60 million in scholarships, almost zero concussions, etc. - June 2016
- Vitamin D, athletes, hormones – June 2016
- Fastest US High School sprinters are both at the school taking lots of vitamin D (Matthews) May 2016
- NCAA athletes with low vitamin D do far fewer squats, etc. – April 2016
- Sunshine is a cure for “weak and soft muscles” – 425 BC
- Capillary blood flow increased with Omega-3 by increasing deformability of blood cells – July 2015
- Professional soccer players in region with very hot sun – 89 percent low vitamin D – March 2016
- Diabetes 3X more likely if little aerobic exercise (perhaps low vitamin D) March 2016
- 4X fewer stress fractures in college athletes if more than 40 ng of vitamin D – Feb 2016
- Athletic performance and recovery – importance of vitamin D and vitamin K – 2015
- Football Brain injuries prevented by Omega-3 – RCT Jan 2016
- Doctors Say Top Athletes Take Vitamin D And So Should You - CBS News Feb 2016
- Elite Athletes Try a New Training Tactic: More Vitamin D - WSJ Jan 2016
- Senior muscles increased somewhat with Omega-3 – RCT July 2015
- Outdoor distance runners had great Vitamin D levels (50 ng) – Dec 2015
- The Importance of Vitamin D for Athletes - 2015
- Exercise capacity (VO2) 25 percent higher if high level of vitamin D – Dec 2015
- Metatarsal Stress Fracture 5X more likely if low vitamin D – Nov 2015
- Outdoor activities prescribed by 20 French doctors to treat diseases associated with low vitamin D – Nov 2015
- Muscle strength of Judo athletes increased 13 percent following single dose of 150,000 IU vitamin D – RCT Nov 2015
- Stress fractures – 83 percent had less than 40 ng of vitamin D – Sept 2015
- Intense exercise increases vitamin D receptor activation
- Athletic performance and recovery benefits of Vitamin D (4000-5000 IU and Vitamin K) – Aug 2015
- Volleyball players jump higher with Magnesium - RCT 2014
- Vitamin D measured in 4000 people for many years – longitudinal associations – May 2015
- Improved muscle function in postmenopausal women with just 1,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT May 2015
- Vitamin D improves muscle strength, reduces falling, and reduces frailty – review March 2015
- NCAA athletes – one third had low levels of vitamin D, 19X more likely if black race – March 2015
- NFL team less likely to cut players with high levels of vitamin D – Feb 2015
- Weight loss includes muscle loss unless add vitamin D, whey and leucine – RCT Feb 2015
- Professional soccer players with more vitamin D had better body parameters – 2014
- Stress fractures in basic training associated with 2.5 ng less vitamin D – meta-analysis Nov 2014
- Elite NZ Outdoor athletes fear skin cancer 10X more than fear low vitamin D – Sept 2014
- People with old burns improved muscle strength with 2200 IU average vitamin D – RCT Sept 2014
- Many athletes now advised to take daily vitamin D supplements – Aug 2014
- Vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength in healthy adults – meta-analysis of 6 RCT Aug 2014
- Vitamin D supplementation help muscles of seniors who are vitamin D deficient – meta-analysis July 2014
- Goal for Scottish athletes: none will be vitamin D deficient (typically 2 out of 3) – June 2014
- Dark skinned NCAA basketball players were 15X more likely to have low vitamin D – Feb 2014
- Sports
- Skeletal muscles helped by vitamin D – Review Feb 2014
- Vitamin D – Polish office workers less than Polish Soccer players, less than Italian Soccer players (no surprise) Jan 2014
- Athletes (national-level) with less than 10 ng of vitamin D had smaller hearts – Jan 2014
- The Big D (an editorial in American Journal of Sports Medicine) – Jan 2014
- Kids less fit than their parent were (perhaps low vitamin D) – Nov 2013
- Sports benefits from up to 50 ng of Vitamin – meta-analysis - Nov 2012
- Elderly lower limb muscle strength improved with Vitamin D supplementation - Meta-analysis Oct 2013
- Low Vitamin D breaks down muscle by interferring with protein - Editorial Nov 2013
- Rotator cuff (in rats) healed faster with Vitamin D – Oct 2013
- Vitamin D podcast with VitaminDWiki - Oct 2013
- Teens with higher levels of vitamin D were more fit in some ways– May 2013
- Nutritional deficiencies of seasoned athletes (vitamin D is 2nd) – Aug 2013
- Elite outdoor athletes had 52 ng of vitamin D – March 2013
- Hypothesis: Less severe muscle damage if vitamin D level had been normalized – July 2013
- Vitamin D and bicarbonate perhaps synergistically reduce muscle loss – June 2013
- Overview Muscles and Vitamin D
- Muscle improved by increasing vitamin D if previously less than 24 ng – June 2013
- Some athletes would benefit from more vitamin D – May 2013
- Review of Vitamin D and Physical Performance – May 2013
- Traumatic brain injury treated by Vitamin D Progesterone Omega-3 and glutamine – May 2013
- Fewer injuries and higher ballet jumps with 2,000 IU of vitamin D – April 2013
- Vitamin D provides faster recovery after muscle overuse – April 2013
- 5,000 IU daily was just enough vitamin D for Irish athletes in the winter – March 2013
- Collegiate Swimmers getting 4000 IU of vitamin D had fewer injuries – March 2013
- Muscle fatigue reduced with 10,000 IU of vitamin D – March 2013
- Muscle inflammation 17X more probable if vitamin D deficient – Feb 2013
- Sport performance not improved after 5710 IU of vitamin D daily for 12 weeks – Feb 2012
- Ballet dancers in the winter had more injuries and only 15 ng of vitamin D – Feb 2013
- Physical performance of seniors increases with vitamin D up to 30 ng – Jan 2013
- Top UK soccer coach installed vitamin D booths in his club – Dec 2012
- Surgeon on a mission to promote vitamin D - Dec 2012
- Strong bones need both physical activity and vitamin D – Jan 2013
- Activity and being outdoors helps seniors – GPS and Vitamin D Dec 2012
- Type 2 muscles, not all muscles, get benefit from Vitamin D - Dec 2012
- Sarcopenia (muscle loss) fought by Vitamin D, exercise and protein - many studies
- Off Topic – Light exercise extend life by 4.5 years – perhaps more than vitamin D – Nov 2012
- 5,000 IU vitamin D helped UK professional athletes in the winter – Oct 2012
- Obese helped with resistance training by 4000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Aug 2012
- Muscle strength not increased by raising vitamin D to only 30 ng – RCT Aug 2012
- During basic training white females decreased vitamin D but non-whites increased – Aug 2012
- A Concussion-Free Football Season: How one High School beat the odds - July 2012
- Female Athlete health problems may be due to lack of vitamin D and Iron – July 2012
- Half as many fractures for girls with high vitamin D intake – March 2012
- Vitamin D Helps Atlanta High School Athletes - Feb 2012
- Vitamin D improves athletic performance – Dec 2011
- None of the female soccer players got the minimum vitamin D – Dec 2011
- Fitness is associated with vitamin D, even accounting for BMI – Oct 2011
- Teenage knee injury 4X increase in last decade in Philadelphia – Oct 2011
- Concussions (traumatic brain injury) getting big press coverage, vitamin D might be both a cause and a solution
- Another outdoor sport produces more bone than indoor sport – vitamin D Sept 2010
- Basketball players low on vitamin D - Sept 2011
- Senior women more physically able if vitamin D higher than 30 ng – Sept 2011
- Ballet Dancers with low D had 50 percent more injuries – pilot study Sept 2011
- Book on Sports and vitamin D - Aug 2011
- More muscle injuries in NFL players who were low on vitamin D – July 2011
- 4000 IU vitamin D and exercise for overweight – PhD 2010
- Perhaps Stress fractures 2X less frequent if 4000 IU of vitamin D – June 2011
- Oxygen uptake associated with higher vitamin D – up to 50 hours per week – Apr 2011
- Seniors with more than 20 ng of vitamin D were 14 percent stronger – May 2011
- 8500 IU average daily helped sports performance – Oct 2010
- Injury-Prevention with Vitamin D – Feb 2010
- Vitamin D reduces stress fractures – review Oct 2010
- Story – Prevent injuries and speed healing with vitamin D – Jan 2010
- Postmenopausal women with higher vitamin D exercised more – Mar 2011
- Shin splints decrease with vitamin D
- Vitamin D bed used 4 minutes daily by dark skin members of UK sports team – Jan 2011
- Less muscle and insulin resistance for children of vitamin D deficient mothers – Jan 2011
- Overview Sports and vitamin D
- Vitamin D2 intervention increased elderly muscle strength – Nov 2010
- Vitamin D improves muscle strength if deficient – meta-analysis - Oct 2010
- Fewer bone and stress fractures with vitamin D - many studies
- Young Israeli athletes and dancers had just 25 ng of vitamin D – Sept 2010
- Sports Nutrition Conference on Bone health Calcium and vitamin D – Sept 2010
- Skeletal Muscle weakness from lack of vitamin D fixed by adding Calcium and phosphorus – Aug 2010
- More than 40 ng vitamin D for Athletes – July 2010
- Metabolites of vitamin D and exercise - May 2010
- Low vitamin D in teens: especially black or overweight – June 2010
- Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness is associated with higher vitamin D in blood– June 2010
- Suggests that college athletes supplement with vitamin D in winter - June 2010
- Vitamin D, Muscle Function, and Exercise Performance in kids – June 2010
- Vitamin D improving muscles may be due to improving phosphate levels – June 2010
- Olympic Athletes and vitamin D - clippings 2009-10
- Professional sports team takes 5000 IU vitamin D and wins championship
- More muscle response when have adequate vitamin D
- Athletes need 50 ng/ml of Vitamin D – Cannell and Hollis – 2009
- Muscle strength in youth increased with 60,000 IU vitamin D per week and 1 g Calcium – April 2010
- Vitamin D at Experimental Biology meeting April 2010
- Vitamin D levels dropped after training for white, but not black females April 2010
- 4000 IU increased peak power in exercise vs placebo April 2010
- Vit D associated with less muscle fat
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