Reproductive Factors in Women Tied to Heart Disease and Stroke Risk New York Times, Jan 2018
| Reproductive Factor | Increased risk of Heart Disease | |
| Menarche before age 12 | 5 % | |
| Miscarriage | 4 % | |
| Stillbirth | 14 % | |
Conclusion is the study in HEART http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312289 - which is available at Sci-Hub.tw
- Early menarche, early menopause, earlier age at first birth, and a history of miscarriage, stillbirth or hysterectomy were each independently associated with a higher risk of CVD in later life
- In conclusion, this large prospective study among 482000 women and men in the UK Biobank demonstrated that several reproductive factors are associated with the risk of CVD in later life. Future studies are needed to confirm the present findings and to clarify the biological, behavioural and social mechanisms involved.
Note: Neither the study nor the New York Times article contains the word VITAMIN
VitaminDWiki contains the following
- Miscarriage 10 percent more likely for each 10 ng less vitamin D at preconception – May 2018
- Heart Disease 40 percent more likely in women having poor Vitamin D Binding Protein – Sept 2017
- Low Vitamin D – 2X more likely to have premie AND mother later to have heart problems – Feb 2015
- Hypothesis: Low maternal vitamin D increases probability of heart disease later in adult – May 2013
- Early puberty in girls 60 percent more likely if less than 32 ng of vitamin D – Aug 2017
- Menstruation 10 months earlier if low on vitamin D – Aug 2011
- Miscarriage 2 times more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis May 2017
- Just 400 IU of daily Vitamin D reduced miscarriage (recurrent) by 3.5 times – RCT July 2016
- Uterine Fibroids (uterine leiomyoma, need hysterectomy) 1.9 more likely if a Vitamin D receptor problem – Sept 2015
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Most were taking 2,000 to 7,000 IU daily for >50% of pregnancy
Click on hyperlinks for details
Problem | Vit. D Reduces | Evidence |
| 0. Chance of not conceiving | 3.4 times | Observe |
| 1. Miscarriage | 2.5 times | Observe |
| 2. Pre-eclampsia | 3.6 times | RCT |
| 3. Gestational Diabetes | 3 times | RCT |
| 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality | 3.5 times | Observe |
| 5. Premature birth | 2 times | RCT |
| 6. C-section - unplanned | 1.6 times | Observe |
| Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 | 4 times | RCT - Omega-3 |
| 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy | 1.4 times | RCT |
| 8. Small for Gestational Age | 1.6 times | meta-analysis |
| 9. Infant height, weight, head size within normal limits | RCT | |
| 10. Childhood Wheezing | 1.3 times | RCT |
| 11. Additional child is Autistic | 4 times | Intervention |
| 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 times | Observe |
| 13. Preeclampsia in young adult | 3.5 times | RCT |
| 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 | 1.4 times | Observe |
| 15. Childhood Mite allergy | 5 times | RCT |
| 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits | 2.5 times | RCT |
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial