Loading...
 
Toggle Health Problems and D

Olympic Committee consensus on Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc– May 2018

IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Mar 1;28(2):104-125. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020. Epub 2018 Mar 28.
Maughan RJ1, Burke LM2,3, Dvorak J4, Larson-Meyer DE5, Peeling P6,7, Phillips SM8, Rawson ES9, Walsh NP10, Garthe I11, Geyer H12, Meeusen R13, van Loon L3,14, Shirreffs SM1, Spriet LL15, Stuart M16, Vernec A17, Currell K18, Ali VM19, Budgett RGM19, Ljungqvist A20, Mountjoy M15, Pitsiladis Y19, Soligard T19, Erdener U19, Engebretsen L19.

VitaminDWiki

Unfortunately the IOC consensus did not suggest enough Vitamin D to really help - especially for indoor athletes


Sports category starts with

273 items in Sports category

Sports benefits from up to 50 ng (click on chart for details)
Sports benefit up to 50 ng @ /is.gd/Vitdsports
see also:
Overview Sports and vitamin D     Concussions
Military    Muscle    Overview Fractures and vitamin D
Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
Athletes helped by weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D – RCT Aug 2019
College swimmers helped by daily 5,000 IU of Vitamin D in the fall – RCT Feb 2020
Shin splints decrease with vitamin D
Less muscle inflammation after exercise if high level of Vitamin D (50 ng) -July 2021 50 ng
Only 1 NCAA basketball player getting 10,000 IU vitamin D daily achieved 50 ng goal – Jan 2020 50 ng
NCAA trainers are getting on board the Vitamin D train (40-50 ng)– Nov 2019 50 ng
Is 50 ng of vitamin D too high, just right, or not enough 50 ng
The only independent predictor of aerobic power: Vitamin D - 2021
Olympic Committee consensus on Vitamin D, Omega-3, Zinc, etc– May 2018 not consdered "doping"
Some Foot and ankle problems are treated by Vitamin D – many studies
Typical stress fracture during US Navy training cost 14,953 dollars, most had less than 40 ng Vitamin D - June 2022
Vitamin D trials by military – all 4 found benefit – review Sept 2019
Vitamin D supplementation increases strength of lower muscles – Meta-analysis April 2019
Omega-3 helps muscles - many studies


Overview Sports and vitamin D has the following summary

Athletes are helped by vitamin D by:

  1. Faster reaction time
  2. Far fewer colds/flus during the winter
  3. Less sore/tired after a workout
  4. Fewer micro-cracks and broken bones
  5. Bones which do break heal much more quickly
  6. Increased VO2 and exercise endurance Feb 2011
  7. Indoor athletes especially need vitamin D
  8. Professional indoor athletes are starting to take vitamin D and/or use UV beds
  9. Olympic athletes have used UV/vitamin D since the 1930's
  10. The biggest gain from the use of vitamin D is by those who exercise less than 2 hours per day.
  11. Reduced muscle fatigue with 10,000 IU vitamin D daily
  12. Muscle strength improved when vitamin D added: 3 Meta-analysis
  13. Reduced Concussions
    See also: Sports and Vitamin D category 273 items

Items in both categories Sports and Omega-3 are listed here:


 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki
A few of the many tables in the IOC consensus
Image

Image
Image

Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition program. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including the management of micronutrient deficiencies, supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and provision of direct benefits to performance or indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can offer benefits to the athlete, but others may be harmful to the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation if an anti-doping rule violation results. A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome, and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialed in training or simulated competition before implementation in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the anti-doping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount, and expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before embarking on supplement use.

References

  • Aguiar, A.F., Grala, A.P., da Silva, R.A., Soares-Caldeira, L.F., Pacagnelli, F.L., Ribeiro, A.S., . . . Balvedi, M.C.W. (2017). Free leucine supplementation during an 8-week resistance training program does not increase muscle mass and strength in untrained young adult subjects. Amino Acids, 49(7), 1255-1262. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00726-017-2427-0
  • Baguet, A., Bourgois, J., Vanhee, L., Achten, E., & Derave, W. (2010). Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 109(4), 1096-1101. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00141.2010
  • Bailey, R.L., Gahche, J.J., Lentino, C.V., Dwyer, J.T., Engel, J.S., Thomas, P.R., . . . Picciano, M.F. (2011). Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(2), 261-266. doi:10.3945/jn.110.133025
  • Bailey, S.J., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P.G., Blackwell, J.R., DiMenna, F.J., . . . Jones, A.M. (2010). Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 109(1), 135-148. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2010
  • Bailey, S.J., Varnham, R.L., DiMenna, F.J., Breese, B.C., Wylie, L.J., & Jones, A.M. (2015). Inorganic nitrate supplementation improves muscle oxygenation, O(2) uptake kinetics, and exercise tolerance at high but not low pedal rates. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 118(11), 1396-1405. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2014
  • Bailey, S.J., Winyard, P., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J.R., Dimenna, F.J., Wilkerson, D.P., . . . Jones, A.M. (2009). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 107(4), 1144-1155. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol. 00722.2009
  • Barrett, E.C., McBurney, M.I., & Ciappio, E.D. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. Advances in Nutrition, 5(3), 268-277. doi:10.3945/an.113.005280
  • Baume, N., Avois, L., Schweizer, C., Cardis, C., Dvorak, J., Cauderay, M., . . . Saugy, M. (2004). 13CNandrolone excretion in trained athletes: Interindividual variability in metabolism. Clinical Chemistry, 50(2), 355-364. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.022848
  • Bell, P.G., McHugh, M.P., Stevenson, E., & Howatson, G. (2014). The role of cherries in exercise and health. Scandinavian Journal ofMedicine & Sciences in Sports, 24(3), 477-490. doi:10.1111/sms.12085
  • Bellinger, P.M. (2014). beta-Alanine supplementation for athletic performance: An update. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1751-1770. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000327
  • Bermon, S., Castell, L.M., Calder, P.C., Bishop, N.C., Blomstrand, E., Mooren, F.C., . . . Nagatomi, R. (2017). Consensus statement immunonutrition and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 23, 8-50. PubMed
  • Bodkin, H. (2017). Students left fighting for lives after taking enough caffeine for 300 cups of coffee in botched university experiment. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/ 25/university-fined-400k-students-taking-part-caffeine-experiment/
  • Branch, J.D. (2003). Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 13(2), 198-226.
  • Brinkworth, G.D., & Buckley, J.D. (2003). Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males. European Journal of Nutrition, 42(4), 228-232. doi:10.1007/s00394-003-0410-x
  • Bruce, C.R., Anderson, M.E., Fraser, S.F., Stepto, N.K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W.G., & Hawley, J.A. (2000). Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(11), 1958-1963.
  • Buford, T.W., Kreider, R.B., Stout, J.R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., . . . Antonio, J. (2007). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4, 6. PubMed doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-6
  • Burke, L.M. (2008). Caffeine and sports performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1319-1334. doi:10.1139/H08-130
  • Burke, L.M. (2013). Practical considerations for bicarbonate loading and sports performance. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 75, 15-26. doi:10.1159/000345814
  • Burke, L.M., & Peeling, P. (2018). Methodologies for investigating performance changes with supplement use. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ ijsnem.2017-0325
  • Carr, A.J., Gore, C.J., & Dawson, B. (2011a). Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: Effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(5), 357-364.
  • Carr, A.J., Hopkins, W.G., & Gore, C.J. (2011b). Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 41. doi:10.2165/11591440-000000000-00000
  • Carr, A.J., Slater, G.J., Gore, C.J., Dawson, B., & Burke, L.M. (2011c). Effect of sodium bicarbonate on HCO3-, pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(3), 189-194.
  • Castell, L.M., Poortmans, J.R., & Newsholme, E.A. (1996). Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? European Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), 488-490.
  • Cermak, N.M., Res, P.T., de Groot, L.C., Saris, W.H., & van Loon, L.J. (2012). Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1454-1464. PubMed
  • Chung, W., Shaw, G., Anderson, M.E., Pyne, D.B., Saunders, P.U., Bishop, D.J., & Burke, L.M. (2012). Effect of 10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients, 4(10), 1441-1453. PubMed doi:10.3390/nu4101441
  • Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2017). The crosstalk between the gut microbiota and mitochondria during exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 319. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00319
  • Clark, K.L., Sebastianelli, W., Flechsenhar, K.R., Aukermann, D.F., Meza, F., Millard, R.L., . . . Albert, A. (2008). 24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity- related joint pain. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 24(5), 1485-1496. PubMed doi:10.1185/030079908X291967
  • Close, G.L., Hamilton, D.L., Philp, A., Burke, L.M., & Morton, J.P. (2016). New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 98, 144-158. doi:10.1016/ j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.016
  • Close, G.L., Russell, J., Cobley, J.N., Owens, D.J., Wilson, G., Gregson, W., . . . Morton, J.P. (2013). Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: Implications for skeletal muscle function. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 344-353. doi:10.1080/ 02640414.2012.733822
  • Coelho Rabello Lima, L., Oliveira Assumpcao, C., Prestes, J., & Sergio Denadai, B. (2015). Consumption of cherries as a strategy to attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation in humans. Nu- tricion Hospitalaria, 32(5), 1885-1893. PubMed doi:10.3305/nh. 2015.32.5.9709
  • Cook, C.J., Crewther, B.T., Kilduff, L.P., Drawer, S., & Gaviglio, C.M. (2011). Skill execution and sleep deprivation: Effects of acute caffeine or creatine supplementation - a randomized placebo- controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 8, 2. PubMed doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-2
  • Cooper, R., Naclerio, F., Allgrove, J., & Jimenez, A. (2012). Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: An update. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 33. PubMed doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-33
  • Davison, G., & Diment, B.C. (2010). Bovine colostrum supplementation attenuates the decrease of salivary lysozyme and enhances the recovery of neutrophil function after prolonged exercise. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(10), 1425-1432. PubMed doi:10.1017/ S0007114509993503
  • Deminice, R., Rosa, F.T., Franco, G.S., Jordao, A.A., & de Freitas, E.C. (2013). Effects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humans. Nutrition, 29(9), 1127-1132. PubMeddoi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.003
  • Deutz, N.E., Pereira, S.L., Hays, N.P., Oliver, J.S., Edens, N.K., Evans, C.M., & Wolfe, R.R. (2013). Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate (HMB) on lean body mass during 10 days of bed rest in older adults. Clinical Nutrition, 32(5), 704-712. doi:10.1016/ j.clnu.2013.02.011
  • Douroudos, I.I., Fatouros, I.G., Gourgoulis, V., Jamurtas, A.Z., Tsitsios, T., & Hatzinikolaou, A. (2006). Dose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(10), 1746-1753. doi:10.1249/01.mss. 0000230210.60957.67
  • Dulson, D.K., & Bishop, N.C. (2016). Effect of a high and low dose of caffeine on human lymphocyte activation in response to antigen stimulation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(2), 224-227. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0456
  • Erdman, J., Oria, M., & Pillsbury, L. (2011). Nutrition and traumatic brain injury: Improving acute and subacute health coutcomes in military personnel. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Fennell, D. (2004). Determinants of supplement usage. Preventive 'Medicine, 39(5), 932-939. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03. 031
  • French, C., McNaughton, L., Davies, P., & Tristram, S. (1991). Caffeine ingestion during exercise to exhaustion in elite distance runners. Revision. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31(3), 425-432.
  • Ganio, M.S., Klau, J.F., Casa, D.J., Armstrong, L.E., & Maresh, C.M. (2009). Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: A systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 315-324. PubMed doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818b979a
  • Garthe, I., & Maughan, R.J. (2018). Athletes and supplements: Prevalance and perspectives. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429
  • Geller, A.I., Shehab, N., Weidle, N.J., Lovegrove, M.C., Wolpert, B.J., Timbo, B.B., . . . Budnitz, D.S. (2015). Emergency department visits for adverse events related to dietary supplements. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373(16), 1531-1540. PubMed doi:10.1056/ NEJMsa1504267
  • Geyer, H., Bredehoft, M., Marek, U., Parr, M.K., & Schanzer, W. (2002). Hohe Dosen des Anabolikums Metandienon in Nahrungserganzungs- mitteln. Deutsche Apotheke Zeitung, 142, 29.
  • Geyer, H., Parr, M.K., Koehler, K., Mareck, U., Schanzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2008). Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 43(7), 892902. PubMed doi:10.1002/jms.1452
  • Geyer, H., Parr, M.K., Mareck, U., Reinhart, U., Schrader, Y., & Schanzer, W. (2004). Analysis of non-hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic-androgenic steroids - results of an international study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(2), 124-129.
  • PubMed doi:10.1055/s-2004-819955
  • Gibson, R.S. (2005). Principles of nutritional assessment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gleeson, M. (2016). Immunological aspects of sport nutrition. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94, 117-123. PubMed doi:10.1038/icb.2015. 109
  • Gleeson, M., Bishop, N.C., Oliveira, M., & Tauler, P. (2011). Daily probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) reduction of infection incidence in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21 (1), 55-64.
  • Goodman, L.S., & Gilman, A. (1975). Pharmacological basis of therapeutics (5th ed., p. 1462). London/Toronto: Macmillan Publishing Co.
  • Gray, P., Chappell, A., Jenkinson, A.M., Thies, F., & Gray, S.R. (2014). Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(2), 206-214. doi:10. 1123/ijsnem.2013-0081
  • Gualano, B., Rawson, E.S., Candow, D.G., & Chilibeck, P.D. (2016). Creatine supplementation in the aging population: Effects on skeletal muscle, bone and brain. Amino Acids, 48(8), 1793-1805. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2239-7
  • Gualano, B., Roschel, H., Lancha, A.H., Jr., Brightbill, C.E., & Rawson, E.S. (2012). In sickness and in health: The widespread application of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids, 43(2), 519-529. PubMed doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1132-7
  • Hao, Q., Dong, B.R., & Wu, T. (2015). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD006895. doi:10.1002/14651858. CD006895.pub3
  • Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Sciences (Lond), 83(3), 367-374.
  • He, C.S., Aw Yong, X.H., Walsh, N.P., & Gleeson, M. (2016). Is there an optimal vitamin D status for immunity in athletes and military personnel? Exercise Immunology Review, 22, 42-64.
  • Heaney, R.P. (2008). Vitamin D: Criteria for safety and efficacy. Nutrition Reviews, 66(10 Suppl. 2), S178-S181. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1753- 4887.2008.00102.x
  • Heaton, L.E., Davis, J.K., Rawson, E.S., Nuccio, R.P., Witard, O.C., Halson, S.L., . . . Carter, J.M. (2017). In season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2201-2218. PubMed
  • Hector, A.J., & Philips, S.M. (2018). Protein recommendations for weight loss in elite athletes: A focus on body composition and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0273
  • Hemila, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4
  • Hemila, H., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D., & Kaprio, J. (2003). Physical activity and the common cold in men administered vitamin E and beta- carotene. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(11), 18151820. PubMed doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000093616.60899.92
  • Hobson, R.M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Harris, R.C., & Sale, C. (2012). Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: A meta-analysis. Amino Acids, 43(1), 25-37. PubMed doi:10.1007/ s00726-011-1200-z
  • Hoon, M.W., Jones, A.M., Johnson, N.A., Blackwell, J.R., Broad, E.M., Lundy, B., . . . Burke, L.M. (2014). The effect of variable doses of inorganic nitrate-rich beetroot juice on simulated 2, 000-m rowing performance in trained athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(4), 615-620. PubMed doi:10. 1123/ijspp.2013-0207
  • Hossein-Nezhad, A., & Holick, M.F. (2013). Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(7), 720-755. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011
  • Hultman, E., Soderlund, K., Timmons, J.A., Cederblad, G., & Greenhaff, P.L. (1996). Muscle creatine loading in men. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 81(1), 232-237.
  • Jakeman, J.R., Lambrick, D.M., Wooley, B., Babraj, J.A., & Faulkner, J.A. (2017). Effect of an acute dose of omega-3 fish oil following exercise- induced muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(3), 575-582. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3543-y
  • Jones, A.M. (2014a). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl. 1), S35-S45.
  • Jones, A.M. (2014b). Influence of dietary nitrate on the physiological determinants of exercise performance: A critical review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(9), 1019-1028.
  • Jouris, K.B., McDaniel, J.L., & Weiss, E.P. (2011). The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the inflammatory response to eccentric strength exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences Medicine, 10(3), 432-438.
  • Jull, A.B., Ni Mhurchu, C., Bennett, D.A., Dunshea-Mooij, C.A., & Rodgers, A. (2008). Chitosan for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), Cd003892. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003892.pub3
  • Jurgens, T.M., Whelan, A.M., Killian, L., Doucette, S., Kirk, S., & Foy, E. (2012). Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD008650. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2
  • Karsch-Volk, M., Barrett, B., & Linde, K. (2015). Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. JAMA, 313(6), 618-619. PubMed doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17145
  • Katz, A., Costill, D.L., King, D.S., Hargreaves, M., & Fink, W.J. (1984). Maximal exercise tolerance after induced alkalosis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(2), 107-110. PubMed doi:10.1055/ s-2008-1025890
  • Kreider, R.B., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., . . . Lopez, H.L. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 18. PubMed doi:10. 1186/s12970-017-0173-z
  • Krieger, J.W., Sitren, H.S., Daniels, M.J., & Langkamp-Henken, B. (2006). Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: A metaregression. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(2), 260274. PubMed
  • Kucukgoncu, S., Zhou, E., Lucas, K.B., & Tek, C. (2017). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: Results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 18(5), 594-601. PubMed doi:10.1111/obr.12528
  • Lambert, C.P., Greenhaff, P.L., Ball, D., & Maughan, R.J. (1993). Influence of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on plasma ammonia accumulation during incremental exercise in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 66(1), 49-54. PubMed
  • Lancha Junior, A.H., Painelli Vde, S., Saunders, B., & Artioli, G.G. (2015). Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise. Sports Medicine, 45(Suppl. 1), S71-S81. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279- 015-0397-5
  • Lanhers, C., Pereira, B., Naughton, G., Trousselard, M., Lesage, F.X., & Dutheil, F. (2017). Creatine supplementation and upper limb strength performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 163-173. PubMed doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0571-4
  • Lappe, J., Cullen, D., Haynatzki, G., Recker, R., Ahlf, R., & Thompson, K. (2008). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and 'Mineral Research, 23(5), 741-749. doi:10.1359/jbmr.080102 Larson-Meyer, D.E.,Woolf, K., & Burke, L.M., (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0338
  • Larson-Meyer, D.E., & Willis, K.S. (2010). Vitamin D and athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 220-226. PubMed
  • Lewis, M., Ghassemi, P., & Hibbeln, J. (2013). Therapeutic use of omega- 3 fatty acids in severe head trauma. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(1), 273.e5-273.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.05.014 LGC. (2017). Australian supplement survey summary. Retrieved from http://www2.lgcgroup.com/australiansupplementsurvey
  • Li, N., Hauser, R., Holford, T., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Bassig, B.A., . . . Zheng, T. (2015). Muscle-building supplement use and increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer in men from Connecticut and Massachusetts. British Journal of Cancer, 112(7), 1247-1250. PubMed doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.26
  • Linde, K., Barrett, B., Wolkart, K., Bauer, R., & Melchart, D. (2006). Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD000530. doi:10. 1002/14651858.CD000530.pub2
  • Lowery, R.P., Joy, J.M., Rathmacher, J.A., Baier, S.M., Fuller, J.C., Jr., Shelley, M.C., . . . Wilson, J.M. (2016). Interaction of beta-hydroxy- beta-methylbutyrate free acid and adenosine triphosphate on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(7), 1843-1854. PubMed
  • Maganaris, C.N., & Maughan, R.J. (1998). Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 163(3), 279-287. PubMed doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00395.x
  • Mainwood, G.W., & Worsley-Brown, P. (1975). The effects of extracellular pH and buffer concentration on the efflux of lactate from frog sartorius muscle. The Journal of Physiology, 250(1), 1-22. PubMed
  • Martinez-Sanz, J.M., Sospedra, I., Ortiz, C.M., Baladia, E., Gil-Izquierdo, A., & Ortiz-Moncada, R. (2017). Intended or unintended doping? A review of the presence of doping substances in dietary supplements used in sports. Nutrients, 9(10). doi:10.3390/nu9101093
  • Maughan, R.J. (2005). Contamination of dietary supplements and positive drug tests in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(9), 883-889. doi: 10.1080/02640410400023258
  • Maughan, R.J., Depiesse, F., & Geyer, H. (2007). The use of dietary supplements by athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(Suppl. 1), S103-S113. doi:10.1080/02640410701607395
  • Maughan, R.J., & Griffin, J. (2003). Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: A review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 16(6), 411-420. PubMed
  • Maughan, R.J., Shirreffs, S.M., & Vernec, A. (2018). Making decisions about supplement use. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0009 McAlindon, T.E., Nuite, M., Krishnan, N., Ruthazer, R., Price, L.L., Burstein, D., . . . Flechsenhar, K. (2011). Change in knee osteoarthritis cartilage detected by delayed gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging following treatment with collagen hydrolysate: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 19(4), 399-405. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.joca.2011.01.001
  • McFarlin, B.K., Venable, A.S., Henning, A.L., Sampson, J.N., Pennel, K., Vingren, J.L., & Hill, D.W. (2016). Reduced inflammatory and muscle damage biomarkers following oral supplementation with bioavailable curcumin. BBA Clinical, 5, 72-78. PubMed doi:10. 1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.003
  • McMahon, N.F., Leveritt, M.D., & Pavey, T.G. (2016). The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise performance in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 735-756. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0617-7
  • Mc Naughton, L., & Thompson, D. (2001). Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(4), 456-462. PubMed
  • Mettler, S., & Zimmermann, M.B. (2010). Iron excess in recreational marathon runners. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(5), 490-494. PubMed doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.16
  • Meydani, S.N., Han, S.N., & Hamer, D.H. (2004). Vitamin E and respiratory infection in the elderly. Annals ofthe New York Academy of Sciences, 1031, 214-222. PubMed doi:10.1196/annals.1331.021
  • Mickleborough, T.D. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in physical performance optimization. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23(1), 83-96. PubMed
  • Morton, R.W., Murphy, K.T., McKellar, S.R., Schoenfeld, B.J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., . . . Phillips, S.M. (2017). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
  • Nassis, G.P., Sporer, B., & Stathis, C.G. (2016). Beta-alanine efficacy for sports performance improvement: From science to practice. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097038
  • Nicol, L.M., Rowlands, D.S., Fazakerly, R., & Kellett, J. (2015). Curcumin supplementation likely attenuates delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). European Journal ofApplied Physiology, 115(8), 1769-1777. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3152-6
  • Nieman, D.C., Henson, D.A., Gross, S.J., Jenkins, D.P., Davis, J.M., Murphy, E.A., . . . Mayer, E.P. (2007). Quercetin reduces illness but not immune perturbations after intensive exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(9), 1561-1569. doi:10. 1249/mss.0b013e318076b566
  • Nieman, D.C., Henson, D.A., McAnulty, S.R., McAnulty, L., Swick, N.S., Utter, A.C., . . . Morrow, J.D. (2002). Influence of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative and immune changes after an ultramarathon. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(5), 1970-1977. doi:10. 1152/japplphysiol.00961.2001
  • Nieman, D.C., Henson, D.A., McMahon, M., Wrieden, J.L., Davis, J.M., Murphy, E.A., . . . Dumke, C.L. (2008). Beta-glucan, immune function, and upper respiratory tract infections in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(8), 1463-1471. doi:10.1249/ MSS.0b013e31817057c2
  • Nikolaidis, M.G., Kerksick, C.M., Lamprecht, M., & McAnulty, S.R. (2012). Does vitamin C and E supplementation impair the favorable adaptations of regular exercise? Oxidative Medicine and Cellular 'Longevity, 2012, 707941. PubMed doi:10.1155/2012/707941
  • Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. (1994). Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994. Retrieved from https:// ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA_Wording.aspx
  • Onakpoya, I., Hunt, K., Wider, B., & Ernst, E. (2014a). Pyruvate supplementation for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(1), 17-23. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.565890
  • Onakpoya, I., Posadzki, P., & Ernst, E. (2014b). The efficacy of gluco- mannan supplementation in overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 33(1), 70-78. doi:10.1080/ 07315724.2014.870013
  • Onakpoya, I.J., Posadzki, P.P., Watson, L.K., Davies, L.A., & Ernst, E. (2012). The efficacy of long-term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. European Journal of Nutrition, 51(2), 127-134. doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0253-9
  • Owens, D.J., Sharples, A.P., Polydorou, I., Alwan, N., Donovan, T., Tang, J., . . . Close, G.L. (2015). A systems-based investigation into vitamin D and skeletal muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophy. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 309(12), E1019-E1031. PubMed doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00375. 2015
  • Owens, D.J., Webber, D., Impey, S.G., Tang, J., Donovan, T.F., Fraser, W.D., . . . Close, G.L. (2014). Vitamin D supplementation does not improve human skeletal muscle contractile properties in insufficient young males. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(6), 1309-1320. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2865-2
  • Paton, C., Costa, V., & Guglielmo, L. (2015). Effects of caffeine chewing gum on race performance and physiology in male and female cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(10), 1076-1083. doi:10.1080/ 02640414.2014.984752
  • Paulsen, G., Cumming, K.T., Holden, G., Hallen, J., Ronnestad, B.R., Sveen, O., . . . Raastad, T. (2014). Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Physiology, 592(8), 1887-1901. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267419
  • Peake, J.M., Neubauer, O., Walsh, N.P., & Simpson, R.J. (2017). Recovery of the immune system after exercise. Journal ofApplied Physiology (1985), 122(5), 1077-1087. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00622. 2016
  • Peeling, P., Binnie, M., Goods, P.S.R., Sim, M., & Burke, L.M. (2018). Evidence-based supplements for the enhancement of athletic performance. International Journal ofSport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0343
  • Phillips, S.M., Aragon, A.A., Arciero, P.J., Arent, S.M., Close, G.L., Hamilton, D.L., . . . Willoughby, D.S. (2017). Changes in body composition and performance with supplemental HMB-FA + ATP. Journal ofStrength & Conditioning Research, 31(5):e71-e72. doi:10. 1519/jsc.0000000000001760
  • Powers, M.E., Arnold, B.L., Weltman, A.L., Perrin, D.H., Mistry, D., Kahler, D.M., . . . Volek, J. (2003). Creatine supplementation increases total body water without altering fluid distribution. Journal of Athletic Training, 38(1), 44-50. PubMed
  • Powers, S.K., Nelson, W.B., & Larson-Meyer, E. (2011). Antioxidant and Vitamin D supplements for athletes:sense or nonsense? Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(Suppl.1), S47-S55. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011. 602098
  • Prasad, A.S. (2014). Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: Its role in human health. Frontiers in Nutrition, 1, 14. doi:10.3389/fnut. 2014.00014
  • Rae, C.D., & Broer, S. (2015). Creatine as a booster for human brain function. How might it work? Neurochemistry International, 89, 249-259. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.010
  • Rawson, E.S., Clarkson, P.M., & Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2017). Perspectives on Exertional Rhabdomyolysis. Sports Medicine, 47(Suppl.1), 33-49. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0689-z
  • Rawson, E.S., Miles, M.P., & Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2018). Dietary supplements for health, adaptation, and recovery in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2). doi:10. 1123/ijsnem.2017-0340
  • Rawson, E.S., & Persky, A.M. (2007). Mechanisms of muscular adaptations to creatine supplementation: Review article. International SportMed Journal, 8(2), 43-53.
  • Rawson, E.S., & Venezia, A.C. (2011). Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1349-1362. PubMed
  • Rawson, E.S., & Volek, J.S. (2003). Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 822831.
  • Requena, B., Zabala, M., Padial, P., & Feriche, B. (2005). Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: Ergogenic aids? Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 213-224. doi:10.1519/ 13733.1
  • Reynolds, C., Halpenny, C., Hughes, C., Jordan, S., Quinn, A., & Egan, B. (2016). Acute ingestion of beetroot juice does not improve repeated sprint performance in male team sport athletes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(OCE3), E97. doi:10.1017/S0029665116001129
  • Ribeiro, I.F., Miranda-Vilela, A.L., Klautau-Guimaraes Mde, N., & Grisolia, C.K. (2013). The influence of erythropoietin (EPO T -> G) and alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3 R577X) polymorphisms on runners’ responses to the dietary ingestion of antioxidant supplementation based on pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.): A before-after study. Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, 6(6), 283-304. doi:10.1159/000357947
  • Roberts, L., Bailes, J., Dedhia, H., Zikos, A., Singh, A., McDowell, D., . . . Carpenter, J. (2008). Surviving a mine explosion. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 207(2), 276-283. doi:10.1016/ j.jamcollsurg.2008.02.015
  • Rowlands, D.S., & Thomson, J.S. (2009). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength, body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained young men: A meta-analysis. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(3), 836-846.
  • Ruohola, J.P., Laaksi, I., Ylikomi, T., Haataja, R., Mattila, V.M., Sahi, T., . . . Pihlajamaki, H. (2006). Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 21(9), 1483-1488. doi:10. 1359/jbmr.060607
  • Sakellaris, G., Kotsiou, M., Tamiolaki, M., Kalostos, G., Tsapaki, E., Spanaki, M., . . . Evangeliou, A. (2006). Prevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: An open label randomized pilot study. The Journal of Trauma, 61(2), 322-329. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000230269. 46108.d5
  • Sakellaris, G., Nasis, G., Kotsiou, M., Tamiolaki, M., Charissis, G., & Evangeliou, A. (2008). Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study. Acta Paediatrica, 97(1), 31-34. PubMed doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007. 00529.x
  • Saunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G.G., Swinton, P.A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H.,. .. Gualano, B. (2016). Beta-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1136/ bjsports-2016-096396
  • Schilling, B.K., Stone, M.H., Utter, A., Kearney, J.T., Johnson, M., Coglianese, R., . . . Stone, M.E. (2001). Creatine supplementation and health variables: A retrospective study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(2), 183-188.
  • Schneiker, K.T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L.P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(3), 578585. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000188449.18968.62
  • Schrier, S.L., & Auerbach, M. (2017). Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in adults. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ treatment-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-adults
  • Sciberras, J.N., Galloway, S.D., Fenech, A., Grech, G., Farrugia, C., Duca, D., & Mifsud, J. (2015). The effect of turmeric (Curcumin) supplementation on cytokine and inflammatory marker responses following 2 hours of endurance cycling. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 5. doi:10.1186/s12970-014-0066-3
  • Shaw, G., Lee-Barthel, A., Ross, M.L., Wang, B., & Baar, K. (2017). Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(1), 136-143. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.138594
  • Siegler, J.C., Marshall, P.W.M., Bray, J., & Towlson, C. (2012). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and ingestion timing: Does it matter? Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26, 1953-1958. doi:10. 1519/JSC.0b013e3182392960
  • Singh, M., & Das, R.R. (2013). Zinc for the common cold. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD001364. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD001364.pub4
  • Smith, G.I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D.N., Mohammed, B.S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M.J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011a). Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(2), 402-412. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005611
  • Smith, G.I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D.N., Mohammed, B.S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M.J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011b). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia-hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women. Clinical Science (Lond), 121(6), 267-278.
  • Solimini, R., Rotolo, M.C., Mastrobattista, L., Mortali, C., Minutillo, A., Pichini, S., . . . Palmi, I. (2017). Hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids in doping. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 21(Suppl. 1), 7-16. PubMed
  • Solomons, N.W. (1998). Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Nutrition Reviews, 56(1 Pt 1), 27-28.
  • Spriet, L.L. (2014). Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl. 2), S175-S184. doi:10.1007/ s40279-014-0257-8
  • Steenge, G.R., Simpson, E.J., & Greenhaff, P.L. (2000). Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 89(3), 1165-1171.
  • Stellingwerff, T., & Cox, G.R. (2014). Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(9), 998-1011. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0027
  • Sullivan, P.G., Geiger, J.D., Mattson, M.P., & Scheff, S.W. (2000). Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury. Annals of Neurology, 48(5), 723-729. PubMed
  • Szczesniak, K.A., Ostaszewski, P., Fuller, J.C., Jr., Ciecierska, A., & Sadkowski, T. (2015). Dietary supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta- methylbutyrate in animals - a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl), 99(3), 405-417. doi:10.1111/jpn.12234
  • Talanian, J.L., & Spriet, L.L. (2016). Low and moderate doses of caffeine late in exercise improve performance in trained cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(8), 850-855. doi:10. 1139/apnm-2016-0053
  • Thomas, D.T., Erdman, K.A., & Burke, L.M. (2016). American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543-568. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
  • Thompson, C., Vanhatalo, A., Jell, H., Fulford, J., Carter, J., Nyman, L., . . . Jones, A.M. (2016). Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance. Nitric Oxide, 61, 55-61. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.10.006
  • Thompson, C., Wylie, L.J., Fulford, J., Kelly, J., Black, M.I., McDonagh, S.T., . . . Jones, A.M. (2015). Dietary nitrate improves sprint performance and cognitive function during prolonged intermittent exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(9), 1825-1834. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3166-0
  • Tian, H., Guo, X., Wang, X., He, Z., Sun, R., Ge, S., & Zhang, Z. (2013). Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD010063. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010063.pub2
  • Tipton, K.D. (2015). Nutritional support for exercise-induced injuries. Sports Medicine, 45(Suppl. 1), S93-S104. doi:10.1007/s40279-015- 0398-4
  • Volek, J.S., & Rawson, E.S. (2004). Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 609-614. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.014
  • Volman, J.J., Ramakers, J.D., & Plat, J. (2008). Dietary modulation of immune function by beta-glucans. Physiology & Behavior, 94(2), 276-284. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.045
  • Walker, G.J., Finlay, O., Griffiths, H., Sylvester, J., Williams, M., & Bishop, N.C. (2007). Immunoendocrine response to cycling following ingestion of caffeine and carbohydrate. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(9), 1554-1560. doi:10.1249/mss. 0b013e3180a74228
  • Walsh, N.P., Blannin, A.K., Robson, P.J., & Gleeson, M. (1998). Glutamine, exercise and immune function. Links and possible mechanisms. Sports Medicine, 26(3), 177-191. PubMed
  • Walsh, N.P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R.J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J.A., Bishop, N.C., . . . Simon, P. (2011). Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 17, 6-63.
  • Watson, P., Judkins, C., Houghton, E., Russell, C., & Maughan, R.J. (2009). Urinary nandrolone metabolite detection after ingestion of a nandrolone precursor. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(4), 766-772. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818edaeb
  • Wellington, B.M., Leveritt, M.D., & Kelly, V.G. (2017). The effect of caffeine on repeat high intensity effort performance in rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), 206-210. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0689
  • Wiles, J.D., Coleman, D., Tegerdine, M., & Swaine, I.L. (2006). The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(11), 1165-1171. doi:10.1080/ 02640410500457687
  • Wilkinson, D.J., Hossain, T., Hill, D.S., Phillips, B.E., Crossland, H., Williams, J., . . . Atherton, P.J. (2013). Effects of leucine and its metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism. The Journal of Physiology, 591 (Pt 11), 2911-2923.
  • Wilson, J.M., Lowery, R.P., Joy, J.M., Andersen, J.C., Wilson, S.M., Stout, J.R., . . . Rathmacher, J. (2014). The effects of 12 weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength, and power in resistance-trained individuals: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 114(6), 1217-1227.
  • Wilson, J.M., Lowery, R.P., Joy, J.M., Walters, J.A., Baier, S.M., Fuller, J.C., Jr.,... Rathmacher, J. (2013). Beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid reduces markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and improves recovery in resistance-trained men. The British Journal of Nutrition, 110(3), 538-544.
  • Wycherley, T.P., Moran, L.J., Clifton, P.M., Noakes, M., & Brinkworth, G.D. (2012). Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1281-1298.
  • Wylie, L.J., Bailey, S.J., Kelly, J., Blackwell, J.R., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A.M. (2016). Influence of beetroot juice supplementation on intermittent exercise performance. European Journal ofApplied Physiology, 116(2), 415-425. doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3296-4
  • Wylie, L.J., Kelly, J., Bailey, S.J., Blackwell, J.R., Skiba, P.F., Winyard, P.G., . . . Jones, A.M. (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: Pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 115(3), 325-336. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol. 00372.2013
  • Zhang, Y.Y., Liu, W., Zhao, T.Y., & Tian, H.M. (2017). Efficacy of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in managing overweight and obesity: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 21(2), 187-192. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0755-5

Created by admin. Last Modification: Tuesday June 22, 2021 13:02:13 GMT-0000 by admin. (Version 12)

Attached files

ID Name Comment Uploaded Size Downloads
9822 IOC T5B.jpg admin 07 May, 2018 143.50 Kb 982
9821 IOC T5A.jpg admin 07 May, 2018 322.13 Kb 909
9820 IOC T4.jpg admin 07 May, 2018 381.81 Kb 928
9819 IOC Consesus2.pdf admin 07 May, 2018 1,021.67 Kb 1336