Table of contents
- Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality
- References
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7 Virus and Genetics - The letter failed to mention the Vitamin D Receptor- which is deactivated by most virusus
- VitaminDWiki -
36 studies in both categories Virus and Vitamin D Receptor - VitaminDWiki -
6 studies in both categories Virus and DBP - VitaminDWiki Virus pages with CYP24A1 in title
Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality
Gen Intern Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0. – Letter to the Editor
Marijn M. Speeckaert MD, PhD & Joris R. Delanghe MD, PhDWith interest, we read the paper of Seal et al.,1 which investigated the association of vitamin D status and COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were connected in an inverse dose-response relationship to COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality in a heterogeneous population of veteran patients. Although various confounders were considered, we want to emphasize the significance of vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) and its polymorphism on the obtained results.
Normally, 25(OH)D circulates mainly bound to DBP (approximately 85%) and albumin (15%), while only 0.03% exists in free form. DBP is the main transporter of vitamin D metabolites, and an extensive DBP polymorphism with a distinct allele distribution in various geographic areas has been identified.2 The genetic polymorphisms rs7041 and rs4588 in exon 11 of the DBP gene identify the three major DBP alleles: DBP1F [rs7041-T (ASP), rs4588-C (Thr)], DBP1S [rs7041-G (ASP), rs4588-C (Thr)], and DBP2 [rs7041-T (ASP), rs4588-A (Lys)].2,3 rs2282679 is an rs4588 proxy, and rs2282679-A is generally coinherited with rs4588-C, whereas rs2282679-C is usually coinherited with rs4588-A.4 The concentrations of free and total 25(OH)D, as well as DBP, increase with the following phenotypes: DBP2-2<DBP2-1<DBP1-1.2 rs2282679-C/C allele carriers have lower vitamin D and DBP levels than rs2282679-C/C allele carriers, who, in turn, have lower vitamin D and DBP levels than rs2282679-A/A people.4 A genome-wide meta-analysis, however, revealed that, in addition to rs4588, rs7041, and rs2282679, the following SNPs had an effect on the 25(OH)D concentration: rs6013897 (at CYP24A1), rs10741657 (at CYP2R1), and rs12785878 (near DHCR7).3
The relationship between the DBP polymorphism and COVID-19 has been studied before. We observed that DBP1 carriers are less likely to contract COVID-19 and die from it, which might be explained in part by vitamin D’s supposed protective properties.3 The metabolism score (DBP, CYP24A1) has been found to be significantly linked to COVID-19 severity, which may be due to the SNP rs2282679. A GWAS meta-analysis of COVID-19 host genetics that compared hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients found a significant link between DBP rs2282679 and COVID-19 illness severity.5 Furthermore, DBP has immunologic properties, as well as other biological functions, such as macrophage activation, chemotaxis, and actin scavenging,2 which may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
The current data show that the DBP polymorphism may have an impact on the connection between vitamin D and COVID-19-related hospitalization and death. However, the DBP haplotype effects may be less important in veterans than the effect of multiple chronic conditions.
References
- Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Carey E, Grunfeld C, Bikle DD, Lu CM. Association of Vitamin D Status and COVID-19-Related Hospitalization and Mortality. J Gen Intern Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07170-0 .
- Bikle DD, Schwartz J. Vitamin D binding protein, total and free vitamin D levels in different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:317. - DOI
- Speeckaert MM, De Buyzere ML, Delanghe JR. Vitamin D binding protein polymorphism and COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):705-707. - DOI
- Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010;376(9736):180-188. - DOI
- Freitas AT, Calhau C, Antunes G, et al. Vitamin D-related polymorphisms and vitamin D levels as risk biomarkers of COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):20837. - DOI
VitaminDWiki -
7 Virus and Genetics This list is automatically updated
- Long-COVID associated with 37 poor genes (no Vitamin D genes) – July 2023
- High dose vitamin D fights Folate gene changes by COVID, autoimmune, CVD, ALZ – Oct 2022
- COVID-19 severity associated with 3 vitamin D genes – Oct 2021
- COVID-19 5X worse if poor Vitamin D gene (CYP2R1) – June 2021
- COVID virus alters the activation of 100 vitamin D related genes in the lung – April 2021
- COVID-19 cytokine storms perhaps better stopped by the CYP11A1 Vitamin D pathway – Aug 11, 2020
- Hepatitis C 1.4X more likely if poor CYP24A1 gene – May 2019
The letter failed to mention the Vitamin D Receptor- which is deactivated by most virusus
VitaminDWiki -
36 studies in both categories Virus and Vitamin D Receptor This list is automatically updated
- COVID maximum downregulation of Vitamin D receptor and CYP27B1 resulted in death - Feb 2024
- COVID in hospital stopped by Vitamin D Receptor activators (curcumin, quercetin) – RCT June 2023
- Children with COVID 4X more likely to have poor Vitamin D Receptors (Note: COVID deactivates VDR) – April 2023
- Diabetes 3X more likely if had COVID ICU (VDR was deactivated) - April 2023
- COVID variants protect themselves by deactivating different VDR variants– March 2023
- Dengue Fever decimated by Vitamin D - many studies
- COVID kids were more likely to have a poor VDR (4.3 X), than low Vitamin D (2.6 X) – Sept 2022
- Cancers are associated with low vitamin D, poor vaccination response and perhaps poor VDR – July 2022
- COVID 3X more likely if a poor Receptor (cells get less Vitamin D from the blood) – July 2022
- Long-COVID is now the biggest COVID concern - many studies
- COVID death 12X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (less D gets to cells) - many studies
- COVID severity, ICU, and mortality all associated with poor vitamin D receptor (but not D, everyone had low D) -Dec 2021
- Different Vitamin D Receptor problems cause different COVID problems - Dec 2021
- COVID-19 severity associated with 3 vitamin D genes – Oct 2021
- Poor Vitamin D receptor blocked Vitamin D from fighting avian influenza viruses (in mice) – July 2021
- Epstein-Barr is yet another virus that deactivates the Vitamin D receptor (COVID later suspected as well)– 2010
- COVID-19 symptoms and comorbidities associated with the type of Vitamin D Receptor – Oct 2021
- Enveloped virus infection (RSV, coronavirus, HIV, etc.) 1.5X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis Dec 2018
- COVID-19 outpatients getting Quercetin nanoemulsion had excellent outcomes (Q increased Vitamin D in cells) – RCT – June 2021
- A virus that most adults have (Cytomegalovirus) decreases the amount of Vitamin D which gets to the cells – Jan 2017
- COVID virus alters the activation of 100 vitamin D related genes in the lung – April 2021
- Common sense COVID-19 risk reduction - masks, social distancing, vitamin D - Oct 2020
- AI is examining 170,000 potential COVID-19 treatments, Vitamin D is one of only 6 found – Sept 4, 2020
- Vitamin D Receptor activation should reduce ARDS associated with COVID-19 - June 2020
- Dengue viral production decreased 1000X if activate Vitamin D Receptor (in lab) – July 2020
- Vitamin D, Quercetin, and Estradiol all increase vitamin D in cells and increase genes which reduce COVID-19 – May 21, 2020
- Quercetin and Vitamin D - Allies Against COVID-19
- Risk of enveloped virus infection is increased 50 percent if poor Vitamin D Receptor - meta-analysis Dec 2018
- Hand, foot, and Mouth disease is 14X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Oct 2019
- Treating herpes reduced incidence of senile dementia by 10 X (HSV1 reduces VDR by 8X) – 2018
- Severe hand, foot, and mouth virus is 2.9 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – Oct 2018
- Hepatitis B virus reduced by 5X the Vitamin D getting to liver cells in the lab – Oct 2018
- Some enveloped virus are 1.2 X more likely if have a poor Vitamin D Receptor -Aug 2018
- Severe Pertussis is 1.5 times more likely if poor vitamin D receptor – Feb 2016
- Dengue Fever associated with poor vitamin D receptor – July 2002
- Dengue virus 2X to 4X more likely if vitamin D receptor gene problems
VitaminDWiki -
6 studies in both categories Virus and DBP This list is automatically updated
- Some COVID hospitalizations are due to poor Vitamin D genes (Binding Protein in this commentary) – June 2022
- COVID-19 severity associated with 3 vitamin D genes – Oct 2021
- COVID virus alters the activation of 100 vitamin D related genes in the lung – April 2021
- Hypothesis: Poor Vitamin D Binding protein may increase COVID-19 risk - March 6, 2021
- Another gene which limits Vitamin D is found to increase COViD-19 (Binding Protein in this case) Aug 8, 2020
- Meningitis and other brain infections should be prevented by Vitamin D – June 2014
VitaminDWiki Virus pages with CYP24A1 in title
This list is automatically updated
Items found: 1Poor genes (DBP, CYP24A1, CYP2R, etc.) restrict Vitamin D to cells, increasing COVID hospitalization – May 2022Printer Friendly Follow this page for updates483 visitors, last modified 18 May, 2022, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)