A systematic review of COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnoea
Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Feb; 55: online 2020 Sep 8. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101382
Michelle A. Millera,∗ and Francesco P. Cappuccioa,b
- Sleep Apnoea patients are 5X more likely to have a COVID-19 infection requiring hospitalization - Sept 28, 2020
- Sleep Apnea 1.8 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Dec 2018
- The worse the sleep apnea, the lower the vitamin D levels – meta-analysis 2017, 2020
- Poor sleep associated with low vitamin D (again) – July 2017
- Sleep Apnea patients – 98 percent had low vitamin D – Feb 2016
- The Better Sleep Vitamin (Vitamin D) – nice 3 dollar book Feb 2015
- CDC listed health problems at increased risk of COVID-19 (all are associated with low Vitamin D) - Dec 1, 2020
Items in both categories Sleep and Virus are listed here:
Items in both categories Diabetes and Virus are listed here:
- COVID-19 hospitalizations: 63% associated with diabetes, obesity, hypertension or heart failure – Feb 2021
- Diabetes has many bidirectional links with COVID-19 – March 2021
- 26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are associated with low vitamin D
- Excessive insulin decreases vitamin D in 4 ways – problems for diabetic COVID-19 – Dec 2020
- Hyperglycemic 2X more likely to have severe COVID-19 - Nov 2020
- Diabetes increases COVID-19 severity and COVID-19 creates Diabetes - Oct 2020
- COVID-19 deaths 4 to 7 X more likely if Diabetic, Hypertensive, or CVD - meta-analysis March 2020
Items in both categories Hypertension and Virus are listed here:
- COVID-19 hospitalizations: 63% associated with diabetes, obesity, hypertension or heart failure – Feb 2021
- 2.7 X more likely to die COVID-19 if too much Sodium (associated with low vitamin D) - March 2021
- 26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are associated with low vitamin D
- COVID-19 deaths 4 to 7 X more likely if Diabetic, Hypertensive, or CVD - meta-analysis March 2020
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The aims of the study were to review the rapidly emerging COVID-19 literature to determine 1) the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and adverse COVID-19 outcomes and, 2) potential causal mechanisms 3) what effect COVID-19 has had on OSA diagnosis and 4) what effect COVID-19 has had on treatment and management of OSA during this period. PubMed was systematically searched up to 020620. Studies were included if they had examined the relationship between COVID-19 and OSA. Studies were included that were in English and had the full text available.
The findings from this study suggest that many of the risk factors and co-morbidities associated for OSA which include
- obesity,
- hypertension and
- diabetes mellitus
are associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes. There are plausible mechanisms by which OSA may independently increase one's risk of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 and data from the newly published CORONADO study suggests that OSA treated patients may be at increased risk of death from COVID-19. It is clear that the pandemic has had a major effect on the treatment management and diagnosis of OSA and moving forward it may be necessary to explore new diagnosis and treatment pathways for these individuals.