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ICU cost reduced by at least 27,000 dollars if get high dose vitamin D in first week - April 2017

Aggressive Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Hispanic and African American Critically Injured Trauma Patients Reduces Health Care Disparities (Length of stay, Costs, and Mortality) in a Level I Trauma Center Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Global Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports

ICU Costs

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ICU Length of Stay

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VitaminDWiki summary

316 African American and Hispanics (darker skin ==> low vitamin D) in ICU with blunt trauma

GroupDoseDose in 1 weekICU $ICU Days
1 weekly 50,000 IU WEEKLY - up to 8 weeks 50,000 IU$50,90013 days
250,000 IU DAILY for 5 days 250,000 IU$44,50012 days
350,000 IU daily down the NASOGASTRIC TUBE for 7 days. 350,000 IU$24,0006 days

Note: Some doctors use a loading dose of 400,000 IU in 2 days
Note: No indication of ICU costs for those not getting any vitamin D
Note: No indication of the method of assigning people to each group

See also VitaminDWiki

Overview Loading of vitamin D contains the following

Loading dose: 200 studies at VitaminDWiki

Vitamin D loading dose (stoss therapy) proven to improve health overview
If a person is or is suspected to be, very vitamin D deficient a loading dose should be given

  • Loading = restore = quick replacement by 1 or more doses
  • Loading doses range in total size from 100,000 IU to 1,000,000 IU of Vitamin D3
    • = 2.5 to 25 milligrams
  • The size of the loading dose is a function of body weight - see below
    • Unfortunately, some doctors persist in using Vitamin D2 instead of D3
  • Loading may be done as quickly as a single day (Stoss), to as slowly as 3 months.
    • It appears that spreading the loading dose over 4+ days is slightly better if speed is not essential
  • Loading is typically oral, but can be Injection (I.M,) and Topical
  • Loading dose is ~3X faster if done topically or swished inside of the mouth
    • Skips the slow process of stomach and intestine, and might even skip liver and Kidney as well
  • The loading dose persists in the body for 1 - 3 months
    • The loading dose should be followed up with on-going maintenance dosing
    • Unfortunately, many doctors fail to follow-up with the maintenance dosing.
  • About 1 in 300 people have some form of a mild allergic reaction to vitamin D supplements, including loading doses
    • it appears prudent to test with a small amount of vitamin D before giving a loading dose
    • The causes of a mild allergic reaction appear to be: (in order of occurrence)
    • 1) lack of magnesium - which can be easily added
    • 2) allergy to capsule contents - oil, additives (powder does not appear to cause any reaction)
    • 3) allergy to the tiny amount of D3 itself (allergy to wool) ( alternate: D3 made from plants )
    • 4) allergy of the gut to Vitamin D - alternative = topical

Trauma and surgery category starts with the following

Trauma and Surgery category has 332 articles

Large dose Vitamin D before surgery was found to help by 35 studies
Vitamin D is needed before most surgeries – many studies and RCTs
4.8 X more likely to die within 28 days of ICU if low Vitamin D - Jan 2024
Sepsis is both prevented and treated by Vitamin D - many studies
Thyroidectomy and Vitamin D - many studies
Orthopaedic surgeries need Vitamin D – many studies
Cancer - After diagnosis   chemotherapy
TBI OR "Traumatic Brain Injury - 21 in title as of Sept 2022
Superbug (Clostridium difficile) Infections strongly associated with low vitamin D - many studies
Glutamine and Omega-3 have also been proven to help several traumas/surgeries
   Note: Vitamin D also prevents the need for various surgeries and Omega-3 prevents many concussions/TBI
Trauma and Surgery is associated with 22 other VitaminDWiki categories
  Such as loading dose 33, Mortality 23, Infant-Child 21 Intervention 19 Cardiovascular 13, Injection 13 in Sept 2022


See also web

  • Blunt trauma Wikipedia
    "Blunt trauma, blunt injury, non-penetrating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to physical trauma to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack"
    "Blunt trauma is contrasted with penetrating trauma, in which an object such as a bullet enters the body"


 Download the PDF from VitaminDWiki

L Ray Matthews 1*, Yusuf Ahmed2, Omar Danner1, Michael Williams1, Carl Lokko1, Jonathan Nguyen1, Keren Bashan-Gilzenrat1, Diane Dennis-Griggs1, Nekelisha Prayor1, Peter Rhee4, Ed W Childs1, Kenneth Wilson3 and William B Grant 5
1Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
2Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Saudi Arabia
3Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
4Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
5Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center (SUNARC) San Francisco, CA, USA
Dates: Received: 20 April, 2017; Accepted: 26 April, 2017; Published: 27 April, 2017
Corresponding author: L Ray Matthews, Associate Professor of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Surgery,
720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, Tel: (404) 616-2391; Fax: (404) 616-1417; E-mail: lematthews at msm.edu; rmatt63 at yahoo.com

Background: Socioeconomics only account for 18% of all healthcare disparities. Healthcare disparities in the intensive care unit (ICU) have been well documented and persist in spite of previous government and medical interventions. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the United States and the world. This deficiency has been largely overlooked in the debate on healthcare disparities.

Hypothesis: We hypothesize that low vitamin D levels (a steroid hormone that activates CD4, a T-cell for immune response) and a low CD4 cell count (a T-cell and a marker of a weak immune system) account for most of these healthcare disparities seen in Hispanic and African American patients. We further hypothesize that aggressive treatment of vitamin D deficiency decreases intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), ICU cost, and mortality rate in this patient population.

Methods: We performed a prospective study of the vitamin D status on 316 Hispanic and African American patients admitted to Grady Hospital SICU from August 2009 to September 2011. The patients were divided into 3 groups:

  • Group '1 was treated with vitamin D 50,000 international units (IU) weekly, orally or nasogastric tube (50,000-400,000 IU) for up to 8 weeks;
  • Group 2 was treated with vitamin D 50,000 IU daily for 5 days (250,000 IU of vitamin D); and
  • Group 3 patients (aggressive treatment) received vitamin D 50,000 IU daily down the nasogastric tube for 7 consecutive days.

The injury severity score (ISS) was a mean of approximately 15 in all three groups. There wasn't ant statistical difference between the three groups in terms of injury severity. A CD4 cell count was measured in a subset of 180 patients to evaluate as a marker for potential immune system compromise or weak immune system. In our surgical intensive care unit, Hispanic and African American patients had lower vitamin D levels and CD4 counts up to 40% lower than Caucasian Americans.

Results: The mean vitamin D levels for the three groups were as follows: Group 1, 10.22±0.60 ng/ ml; Group 2, 13.78±0.72 ng/ml; and Group 3, 15.89±0.87 ng/ml (normals 40 ng/ml). Mean ICU LOS decreased with aggressive treatment of vitamin D deficiency from 13.21±2.04 days in Group 1 to 11.53±2.45 days in Group 2 to 6.3 ±0.79 days in Group 3 (p-value, 0.021). Mean ICU cost also decreased with aggressive treatment of vitamin D deficiency by the following: Group 1, $50,934.25±7, 8776; Group 2, $44,464.50±9,458.50; and Group 3, $24,433.02±2,887.75 (p-value, 0.021). Mortality rate decreased from 11.0% in Group 1 to 9.4% in Group 2 to 6.4% in Group 3 (p-value, 0.486). This trend shows a clinically significant 42% reduction in mortality rate which is clinically significant even though it is not statistically significant.

Conclusion: We conclude that a compromised immune state due to low vitamin D status and low CD4 cell count may explain a large percentage of healthcare disparities. Aggressively optimizing serum vitamin D status to > 40 ng/ml may be the one of the most important steps in solving healthcare disparities in the United States. Further studies on low vitamin D levels/low CD4 counts are needed to fully address healthcare disparities.

Introduction

Healthcare disparities have been well documented in the United States and persist despite previous medical and government interventions. The root cause of these disparities remains unclear and has eluded medical researchers for decades. It is recognized by many authorities that multiple factors contribute to healthcare disparities in the United States, such as socioeconomics (education and employment), lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, alcohol, and drug use), and access to healthcare services [1]. However, several studies have shown that these factors do not provide adequate rationale for the observed disparities. In fact, the influence of all these factors is modest and explains less than 20% of healthcare disparities [2]. Furthermore, recent reports have concluded that progress in eliminating these differences in healthcare outcomes between Caucasian Americans (CAs) and non-Caucasians remains bleak, and efforts to date have had a negligible impact on resolving this challenge.
It has become increasingly well-recognized that significant health disparities exist between AAs and CAs. According to data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other governmental agencies, African Americans (AA) and Hispanic Americans (HA) tend to have higher disease rates and mortality rates than Caucasian Americans (CA) [3]. Many studies are beginning to surface that suggest dietary differences are major contributors to some of these health disparities. However, which nutritional deficiencies represent the greatest risk remains a subject of intense research and debate.
Vitamin D deficiency is rampant throughout our society and is the most common nutritional deficiency in the United States population affecting over 70% of the population [4]. Common causes of vitamin-D deficiency include: poor vitamin-D content in foods (very few foods are fortified with vitamin-D); sunscreen use which blocks 95% of vitamin-D production by the skin; and melanin pigment in dark-skinned people (African-American) who need 3x1s-6xs longer sun exposure than Caucasians to produce the same amount of vitamin-D. This is because melanin serves as a natural sun screen blocking 98% of vitamin D production in dark -skinned people. Thus, the average AA/HA tend to have vitamin D levels up to 43% lower than the average WA. Other plausible causes of this vitamin D deficiency include in the elderly, aging skin which reduces vitamin-D production by 70% at age 70; obesity which causes vitamin-D to be stored in the fat cells instead of the liver in normal sized people; chronic kidney disease; lack of, or inadequate vitamin-D supplementation (current RDA too low for optimal health); and seasonal variations, latitude, and time of day [4-11]. In addition, people living above the 32nd latitude (e.g., Atlanta, Georgia) do produce vitamin-D from November - March. This is because the sunlight hits the northern hemisphere at a 45o angle, instead of the 90o angle required to produce ultraviolet band of wavelengths from 290-315 nm, which is essential for vitamin-D production in the skin from 10 am until 3 pm [4].
Humans get vitamin D from their diet, exposure to sunlight, and from dietary supplements [12]. Solar ultraviolet B radiation (wavelength, 290-315 nm) penetrates the skin to convert cholesterol to vitamin D3 [13]. Very few foods are fortified with vitamin D. Thus, limited sun exposure (15 minutes) and supplements are necessary to reach their maximal requirements [14].
We hypothesize that low vitamin D levels and a low CD4 cell count (a marker of a weak immune system) account for a large percentage of these healthcare disparities. We further hypothesize that aggressive treatment of vitamin D deficiency decreases intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), ICU cost, and mortality rate.

Methods

Setting: Grady Memorial is a Level I trauma center located in Atlanta, Georgia with over 3,200 trauma admissions per year.
Blunt trauma accounts for 70% of the admissions and penetrating trauma accounts for 30% of the admissions.

We conducted a prospective study on the vitamin D status on 316 Hispanic and African American patients admitted to Grady Hospital from August 2009 to September 2011. Vitamin D levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry at Quest Lab. We defined vitamin D deficiency as a level <40 ng/ml. A CD4 cell count was measured in a subset of 180 patients to evaluate as a marker for potential immune compromise or a weak immune response system.
The injury severity score (ISS) was a mean of approximately 15 in all three groups. There wasn't any clinically significant difference between the 3 groups in terms of severity of injury. Blunt trauma accounted for 70% of the injuryes in all three groups. penetrating trauma accounted for 30% in all groups.
This research was approved by Morehouse School of Medicine Institution Review Board. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 was treated with vitamin D 50,000 IU weekly, orally/nasogastric tube for up to 8 weeks or discharge for SICU (50,000-400,000 IUs of vitamin D); Group 2 was treated with vitamin D 50,000 IU orally or down their nasogastric tube daily for 5 days (250,000 IU of Vitamin D); and Group 3 (aggressive treatment) was treated with vitamin D 50,000 IU daily for 7 straight days (350,000 IU of vitamin D) we examined patient's baseline demographics which include the following: age, race, gender, and baseline biochemical markers such as vitamin B12 levels, albumin, pre-albumin, and calcium. To examine the potential impact of comorbidities, we evaluated the patients for cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, pulmonary embolus, and trauma injuries.
Our primary outcomes assessed in this study were ICU LOS and ICU cost. Secondary outcome studied was mortality rate. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 16.0 software SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Data was summarized as means plus or minus standard deviation and proportion (percentages) for continuous and qualitative data, respectively. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Exclusion criteria Patients admitted to the SICU for less than 24 hours were excluded from the study. Vitamin D levels were drawn on all patients upon admissions to the SICU.

Results

The serum vitamin D status of 316 Hispanic (10.5%) and African American (89.5%) patients were measured. The baseline characteristics such as age, race, and gender are presented in table 1. The mean vitamin D levels for the 3 treatment groups were as follows (Table 2), Group 1 was 10.22± 0.60 ng/ml; Group 2 was 13.78±0.72 ng/ml; and Group 3 was 15.89±0.87 ng/ml (p= 0.001) Figure 1. The mean ICU LOS for the three groups was 13.21±2.04 days for Group 1, 11.53±2.45 days for Group 2, and 6.3±0.79 days for Group 3 (p- value 0.021) Figure 2. The mean ICU cost for the three treatment groups was $50,934.25±7.877.60 for Group 1, $44,464.50±9,458.50 for Group 2, and $24,433.02±2,887.75 for Group 3. (P= 0.021).
The mortality rate is Group 1 was 11.0% versus 9.4% for Group 2 versus 6.4% for Group 3. (p= 0.486). A 14.6% mortality relative risk reduction in group 2, compared to group 1, and 42.1% reduction in mortality risk in Group 3 when compared to Group 1, even though this not statistically significant, we think that, this mortality relative risk reduction is clinically significant Figure 3.
We also measured a subset of CD4 cell count in 180 patients in Group 2 and Group 3. Optimal functioning of the immune system requires optimal vitamin D levels to activate or “to arm” the T-cells (CD4). A low CD4 cell count (plus a low vitamin D level) would give us a snapshot of a “compromised immune system” in our patient population which would partially explain worse outcomes. This predispose these patients to more aggressive and less responsive sepsis/infections, myocardial infarction, strokes, and other chronic diseases of aging in the surgical intensive care unit.

Table 1: Groups Characteristics.

The mean CD4 cell count for patients in Group 2 was 422.57±49.1 cells per cubic milliliter (ml) of blood (normal is 500 -1500 cells per cubic ml of blood). The mean CD4 cell count in Group 3 was 554.04±32.05 (p= 0.029) Figure 4, also there is positive correlation between vitamin D treatment and the increase of the CD4 (r=0.175, p=0.045). Further studies are needed to evaluate if there is a direct correlation between low vitamin D levels and low CD cell counts; however, vitamin D is a very strong immune modulator Figure 5.

Discussion

Why is vitamin D important to our general and overall health? Vitamin D is a pleiotropic seco-steroid hormone with effects throughout the body. It is hydroxylated at the 1 and 25 position to produce activated vitamin D. Vitamin D receptors have been identified on nearly all cells and tissues in the human body [4]. As Vitamin D is actually a steroid hormone, it works on the DNA in the nucleus of the cell on Vitamin D response-elements and thereby controls the expression of over 3,000 genes in the human body, including immune modulation (T-cell count and function) and inflammation (CRP, IL6, TNF, antimicrobial peptide, and free radical formation) [4,6,7].
Several studies reported that vitamin D deficiency has important health consequences due to its influence on immune function and other organ systems have begun to surface [15]. Consequently, many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarctions), strokes, osteoporosis, rickets, osteopenia, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle cramps, muscle pain, joint pain, cancers (17 different types), autoimmune diseases, flu, colds, depression, type 2 diabetes, muscle weakness, and falls in elderly patients have been strongly associated with vitamin D deficiency [4,6, 7].
A meta-analysis of 18 randomized clinical trials on vitamin-D supplementation found that randomization to vitamin-D was associated with lower, all-cause mortality rates in the general population [8]. Although it is well known that the combination of vitamin-D and calcium is necessary to maintain bone density as people age [16], vitamin-D deficiency may also be an independent risk factor for falls and fractures among the elderly [17]. Another study showed that vitamin-D levels less than 17.8 ng/ml increase the risk of death 26% from all causes in the general population [8-10].
In fact, higher serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) have been shown to be associated with improved health outcomes [18,19]. Based on recent meta-analyses of several observations studies of differences in serum 25(OH)D levels for AAs versus CAs, lower vitamin D level may help to explain many of the health disparities that we have observed in America, and throughout the western society. The impact of suboptimal levels of 25(OH)D on proper immune function has been elucidated by several recent investigations. As a result of lower vitamin D levels in AA/HA, there tends to be a trend towards a less responsive immune system, increased inflammation, increased oxidative stress (oxygen free radical formation), and increased endothelial dysfunction in these patient populations, which may explain most of the present healthcare disparities and chronic diseases [11].
In our previous study, we demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased mortality rates and length of stay in critically ill hospitalized patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. However, the question is what is the mechanism by which vitamin D deficiency actually causes compromise of immune function? And are there other identifiable markers which shed more light on the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and poorer health outcomes in the critical care setting? We postulate that vitamin D deficiency is associated with decrease CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, which decreases adaptive immunity and worsens the ability of the host to overcome infectious and pro-inflammatory insults, such as, sepsis, multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Limitations in our study include the loss of outpatient follow up with many of our patients once discharged from the hospital. Many patients followed up with their local medical physician or failed to keep their appointments. Also, we did not take into account the seasonal variations of vitamin D levels which are 20-30% lower in the winter months due to decreased vitamin D production.
Any discussion on healthcare reform should address correcting the most common nutritional deficiency in the United States and the world. Vitamin deficiency is associated with nearly all of the chronic diseases that drive up healthcare costs. Normalizing everybody1s serum vitamin D level > 40 ng/ ml could potentially reduce healthcare costs by $ 400 billion per year [20]. We are presently spending $ 3.0 trillion on healthcare annually. We have demonstrated in this study that higher vitamin D levels reduce hospital costs and mortality [21-29].

Conclusion

We conclude that a compromised immune system due to a low vitamin D status and a low CD4 cell count may explain a large percentage of healthcare disparities. Aggressive optimizing serum vitamin D status to > 40 ng/ml may be one of the most important steps in treating healthcare disparities in the United States. Further investigation into these very important biologic factors (low vitamin D levels and low CD4 cell counts) is needed to more clearly delineate these findings.

References

  1. Grant WB, Peiris AN (2010) Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in black-white health disparities in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11: 617-628. Link: https://goo.gl/cRcKh9
  2. Peeples L (2010) Unexplained differences in hospital death rates. Reuter1s health 22. Link: https://goo.gl/37u4Kz
  3. Fiscella K, Franks P (2010) Vitamin D, race, and cardiovascular mortality: findings from a national US sample. Ann Fam Med 8: 11-18. Link: https://goo.gl/iC8IG0
  4. Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 359: 266-281. Link: https://goo.gl/ljYJRZ
  5. Ginde AA, Liu MC, Camargo CA (2009) Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the general population, 1998-2004. Arch Intern Med 169: 626-632. Link: https://goo.gl/kFmqbv
  6. Holick MF (2006) High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc 81: 353-373. Link: https://goo.gl/L83gJ3
  7. Adams JS, Liu PT, Chun R, Modlin RL, Hewison M (2007) Vitamin D in Defense of the Human Immune Response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117: 94-105. Link: https://goo.gl/j36mhx
  8. Lee P, Eisman JA, Center JR (2009) Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360: 1912-1914. Link: https://goo.gl/b8vwzz
  9. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, et al. (2008) Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168: 1340-1349. Link https://goo.gl/a7inWW
  10. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B (2010) 25-hydroxyl vitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population, Arch Intern Med 168: 16291637. Link: https://goo.gl/rc8wpd
  11. Grant WB, Peiris AN (2010) Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in black-white health disparities in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc 11: 617-628. Link: https://goo.gl/l40x0U
  12. DeLuca HF (2004) Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 1689S-1696S. Link: https://goo.gl/Mfx6Sx
  13. Holick MF (2006) Resurrection of vitamin d deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 116: 2062-2072. Link: https://goo.gl/ldDFQr
  14. Viet R (2004) Why the optimal requirements for vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90: 575-579. Link: https://goo.gl/1AYbF9
  15. Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A (2004) Vitamin D status, 1,25 -dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr 80: 1717S-1720S. Link: https://goo.gl/qSyGVm
  16. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 337: 670-676. Link: https://goo.gl/7b1SCQ
  17. Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, et al. (2007) A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc 55: 234-239. Link: https://goo.gl/js1uWa
  18. Holick MF (2006) High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc 281: 353-373. Link: https://goo.gl/aarJ5b
  19. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovanannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (2006) Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 18-28. Link: https://goo.gl/YzNAfJ
  20. Grant WB, Cross HS, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Moan J, et al. (2009) Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in Western Europe. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 99: 104-113. Link: https://goo.gl/C1R8Hx
  21. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Wilson KL, Griggs DD, Danner OK (2012) Worsening Severity of Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Increased Length of Stay, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Cost, and Mortality Rate in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients. The American Journal of Surgery. 204: 37-43. Link: https://goo.gl/VjmXit
  22. Matthews LR (2015) Daily High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces the Incidence of Myocardial Infarctions in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients. J Clin Exp Cardiolog 6: 10. Link: https://goo.gl/dmc4OW
  23. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Danner O, Moore C, Lokko C, et al. (2017) High Dose Vitamin D, Digoxin, and BiDil Reverse Congestive Heart Failure in a Critically ILL Trauma Patient and a Severely Obese Male Patient. Glob J Medical Clin Case Rep 4: 031-034. Link: https://goo.gl/zJs67t
  24. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Danner OK, Kwaysi G, Dennis-Griggs D, et al. (2017) Vitamin D, Glutamine, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Close Staff Supervision Reduce Mortality Rate at a Level I Trauma Center. Glob J Medical Clin Case Rep 4: 020-02. Link: https://goo.gl/P2IVNm
  25. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Bashan-Gilzenrat K, Nguyen J, Okonkwo A, et al. (2016) A Short Essay: High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces Medical Malpractice Lawsuits in Critically ILL Trauma Patients. Medical Research Archives 4. Link: https://goo.gl/JmaKvN
  26. Danner OK, Matthews LR, Francis S, Rao VN, Harvey C, et al. (2016) Vitamin D3 Suppresses Class II Invariant Chain Peptides Expression on Activated B Lymphocytes: A Plausible Mechanism for Down-Regulation of Acute Inflammatory Conditions. J Nutr Metab 2016: 8. Link: https://goo.gl/UPDWvJ
  27. Matthews LR, Gustafson C (2015) Enhanced Surgical Outcomes and Boosted Soft-tissue Wellness from Vitamin D Supplementation. Altern Ther Health Med 21: 68-72. Link: https://goo.gl/oE3nYD
  28. Matthews LR, Danner OK, Ahmed Y, Dennis-Griggs DM, Frederick A, et al. (2012) Combination Therapy with Vitamin D3, Progesterone, Omega 3-Fatty Acids, and Glutamine Reverses Coma and Improves Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Case Series of Three Patients. International Journal of Case Reports and Images. 4: 143-149. Link: https://goo.gl/aKhp6I
  29. Matthews LR, Ahmed Y, Thomas C, Wilson K, Diane DG, et al. Economic Impact of Vitamin D Levels Less Than 18 ng/ml on Hospitals and Third Party Payers. Critical Care Medicine 43: 327. Link: https://goo.gl/CKk0Ci
ICU cost reduced by at least 27,000 dollars if get high dose vitamin D in first week - April 2017        
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