Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency and Inadequacy among Women of Childbearing Age in the United States
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Women with less than 20 nanograms
- 37% average for all
- 55% if less than high school education
- 78% if black
- 5.3X more likely to have less than 20 nanograms if BMI > 30
- 3.3X more likely to have less than 20 nanograms if winter
No indication of joint statistics - example: black woman with no high school (suspect 90%) - Recommends Vitamin D Before, during and after pregnancy
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ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 691486, 9 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/691486
Guixiang Zhao,1 Earl S. Ford,1 James Tsai,1 Chaoyang Li,2 and Janet B. Croft1
1 Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
2 Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Public Health Surveillance Program Office, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
Received 29 September 2011; Accepted 13 November 2011
Copyright © 2012 Guixiang Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Objective. To examine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy among US women of childbearing age.
Methods. Data from 1,814 female participants (20–44?y) in the 2003–2006 NHANES were analyzed to estimate the age-adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <12.0?ng/mL) and inadequacy (defined as 25(OH)D: 12.0–<20.0?ng/mL).
Results. The age-adjusted prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI: 8.8–14.0%) for vitamin D deficiency and 25.7% (95% CI: 22.3–29.5%) for vitamin D inadequacy. Race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white and obesity were associated with increased risks, whereas dietary supplement use, milk consumption of ?1 time/day, and potential sunlight exposure during May-October were associated with decreased risks for both vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy (p < 0 . 0 5).
Current smoking and having histories of diabetes and cardiovascular disease were also associated with an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency (p < 0 . 0 5).Conclusions. Among women of childbearing age, periconceptional intervention programs may focus on multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy to ultimately improve their vitamin D nutrition.
PDF is attached at the bottom of this page
Perspective: < 20ng around the world has the following chart
short url = http://is.gd/Women20ng
CDC vitamin D statistics for women: including blacks and high BMI – March 20127488 visitors, last modified 30 Dec, 2017, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)